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.\" ========================================================================
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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "BUSYBOX 1"
.TH BUSYBOX 1 "2007-10-09" "version 1" "BusyBox"
.SH "NAME"
BusyBox \- The Swiss Army Knife of Embedded Linux
.SH "SYNTAX"
.IX Header "SYNTAX"
.Vb 1
\& BusyBox <function> [arguments...]  # or
.Ve
.PP
.Vb 1
\& <function> [arguments...]          # if symlinked
.Ve
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
BusyBox combines tiny versions of many common \s-1UNIX\s0 utilities into a single
small executable. It provides minimalist replacements for most of the utilities
you usually find in \s-1GNU\s0 coreutils, util\-linux, etc. The utilities in BusyBox
generally have fewer options than their full-featured \s-1GNU\s0 cousins; however, the
options that are included provide the expected functionality and behave very
much like their \s-1GNU\s0 counterparts.
.PP
BusyBox has been written with size-optimization and limited resources in mind.
It is also extremely modular so you can easily include or exclude commands (or
features) at compile time. This makes it easy to customize your embedded
systems. To create a working system, just add /dev, /etc, and a Linux kernel.
BusyBox provides a fairly complete \s-1POSIX\s0 environment for any small or embedded
system.
.PP
BusyBox is extremely configurable.  This allows you to include only the
components you need, thereby reducing binary size. Run 'make config' or 'make
menuconfig' to select the functionality that you wish to enable.  Then run
\&'make' to compile BusyBox using your configuration.
.PP
After the compile has finished, you should use 'make install' to install
BusyBox. This will install the 'bin/busybox' binary, in the target directory
specified by \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX\s0. \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX\s0 can be set when configuring BusyBox,
or you can specify an alternative location at install time (i.e., with a
command line like 'make CONFIG_PREFIX=/tmp/foo install'). If you enabled
any applet installation scheme (either as symlinks or hardlinks), these will
also be installed in the location pointed to by \s-1CONFIG_PREFIX\s0.
.SH "USAGE"
.IX Header "USAGE"
BusyBox is a multi-call binary.  A multi-call binary is an executable program
that performs the same job as more than one utility program.  That means there
is just a single BusyBox binary, but that single binary acts like a large
number of utilities.  This allows BusyBox to be smaller since all the built-in
utility programs (we call them applets) can share code for many common operations.
.PP
You can also invoke BusyBox by issuing a command as an argument on the
command line.  For example, entering
.PP
.Vb 1
\&        /bin/busybox ls
.Ve
.PP
will also cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls'.
.PP
Of course, adding '/bin/busybox' into every command would be painful.  So most
people will invoke BusyBox using links to the BusyBox binary.
.PP
For example, entering
.PP
.Vb 2
\&        ln \-s /bin/busybox ls
\&        ./ls
.Ve
.PP
will cause BusyBox to behave as 'ls' (if the 'ls' command has been compiled
into BusyBox).  Generally speaking, you should never need to make all these
links yourself, as the BusyBox build system will do this for you when you run
the 'make install' command.
.PP
If you invoke BusyBox with no arguments, it will provide you with a list of the
applets that have been compiled into your BusyBox binary.
.SH "COMMON OPTIONS"
.IX Header "COMMON OPTIONS"
Most BusyBox commands support the \fB\-\-help\fR argument to provide a terse runtime
description of their behavior.  If the \s-1CONFIG_FEATURE_VERBOSE_USAGE\s0 option has
been enabled, more detailed usage information will also be available.
.SH "COMMANDS"
.IX Header "COMMANDS"
Currently defined functions include:
.PP
.Vb 35
\&        [, [[, addgroup, adduser, adjtimex, ar, arp, arping, ash, awk, 
\&        basename, bbconfig, bbsh, bunzip2, busybox, bzcat, cal, cat, 
\&        catv, chattr, chcon, chgrp, chmod, chown, chpasswd, chpst, 
\&        chroot, chrt, chvt, cksum, clear, cmp, comm, cp, cpio, crond, 
\&        crontab, cryptpw, cut, date, dc, dd, deallocvt, delgroup, 
\&        deluser, devfsd, df, dhcprelay, diff, dirname, dmesg, dnsd, 
\&        dos2unix, dpkg, dpkg_deb, du, dumpkmap, dumpleases, e2fsck, echo, 
\&        ed, eject, env, envdir, envuidgid, ether_wake, expand, expr, 
\&        fakeidentd, false, fbset, fdflush, fdformat, fdisk, find, fold, 
\&        free, freeramdisk, fsck, fsck_minix, ftpget, ftpput, fuser, 
\&        getenforce, getopt, getsebool, getty, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, 
\&        hdparm, head, hexdump, hostid, hostname, httpd, hwclock, id, 
\&        ifconfig, ifdown, ifup, inetd, init, insmod, install, ip, ipaddr, 
\&        ipcalc, ipcrm, ipcs, iplink, iproute, iprule, iptunnel, kill, 
\&        killall, killall5, klogd, lash, last, length, less, ln, 
\&        load_policy, loadfont, loadkmap, logger, login, logname, logread, 
\&        losetup, ls, lsattr, lsmod, lzmacat, makedevs, matchpathcon, 
\&        md5sum, mdev, mesg, microcom, mkdir, mke2fs, mkfifo, mkfs_minix, 
\&        mknod, mkswap, mktemp, modprobe, more, mount, mountpoint, mt, mv, 
\&        nameif, nc, netstat, nice, nmeter, nohup, nslookup, od, openvt, 
\&        passwd, patch, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, pkill, 
\&        poweroff, printenv, printf, ps, pscan, pwd, raidautorun, rdate, 
\&        readahead, readlink, readprofile, realpath, reboot, renice, 
\&        reset, resize, restorecon, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, rpm, 
\&        rpm2cpio, run_parts, runcon, runlevel, runsv, runsvdir, rx, sed, 
\&        selinuxenabled, seq, setarch, setconsole, setenforce, setfiles, 
\&        setkeycodes, setlogcons, setsid, setuidgid, sha1sum, slattach, 
\&        sleep, softlimit, sort, split, start_stop_daemon, stat, strings, 
\&        stty, su, sulogin, sum, sv, svlogd, swapoff, swapon, switch_root, 
\&        sync, sysctl, syslogd, tail, tar, taskset, tcpsvd, tee, telnet, 
\&        telnetd, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, tty, 
\&        ttysize, tune2fs, udhcpc, udhcpd, udpsvd, umount, uname, 
\&        uncompress, unexpand, uniq, unix2dos, unlzma, unzip, uptime, 
\&        usleep, uudecode, uuencode, vconfig, vi, vlock, watch, watchdog, 
\&        wc, wget, which, who, whoami, xargs, yes, zcat, zcip
.Ve
.SH "COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS"
.IX Header "COMMAND DESCRIPTIONS"
.IP "\fBaddgroup  \fR" 4
.IX Item "addgroup  "
addgroup   [\fB\-g\fR \s-1GID\s0] [user_name] group_name
.Sp
Add a group to the system or add an user to a group
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-g GID  Group id
.Ve
.IP "\fBadduser   \fR" 4
.IX Item "adduser   "
adduser    [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] user_name
.Sp
Add a user to the system
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-h DIR          Home directory
\&        \-g GECOS        GECOS field
\&        \-s SHELL        Login shell
\&        \-G GROUP        Add user to existing group
\&        \-S              Create a system user (ignored)
\&        \-D              Do not assign a password
\&        \-H              Do not create home directory
.Ve
.IP "\fBadjtimex  \fR" 4
.IX Item "adjtimex  "
adjtimex   [\fB\-q\fR] [\fB\-o\fR offset] [\fB\-f\fR frequency] [\fB\-p\fR timeconstant] [\fB\-t\fR tick]
.Sp
Read and optionally set system timebase parameters.
See \fIadjtimex\fR\|(2).
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-q              Quiet
\&        \-o offset       Time offset, microseconds
\&        \-f frequency    Frequency adjust, integer kernel units (65536 is 1ppm)
\&                        (positive values make clock run faster)
\&        \-t tick         Microseconds per tick, usually 10000
\&        \-p timeconstant
.Ve
.IP "\fBar        \fR" 4
.IX Item "ar        "
ar         [\fB\-o\fR] [\fB\-v\fR] [\fB\-p\fR] [\fB\-t\fR] [\fB\-x\fR] \s-1ARCHIVE\s0 \s-1FILES\s0
.Sp
Extract or list \s-1FILES\s0 from an ar archive
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-o      Preserve original dates
\&        \-p      Extract to stdout
\&        \-t      List
\&        \-x      Extract
\&        \-v      Verbose
.Ve
.IP "\fBarp       \fR" 4
.IX Item "arp       "
arp        
[\fB\-vn\fR]	[\fB\-H\fR type] [\fB\-i\fR if] \fB\-a\fR [hostname]
[\fB\-v\fR]		  [\fB\-i\fR if] \fB\-d\fR hostname [pub]
[\fB\-v\fR]	[\fB\-H\fR type] [\fB\-i\fR if] \fB\-s\fR hostname hw_addr [temp]
[\fB\-v\fR]	[\fB\-H\fR type] [\fB\-i\fR if] \fB\-s\fR hostname hw_addr [netmask nm] pub
[\fB\-v\fR]	[\fB\-H\fR type] [\fB\-i\fR if] \fB\-Ds\fR hostname ifa [netmask nm] pub
.Sp
Manipulate the system \s-1ARP\s0 cache
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-a              Display (all) hosts
\&        \-s              Set a new ARP entry
\&        \-d              Delete a specified entry
\&        \-v              Verbose
\&        \-n              Don't resolve names
\&        \-i if           Network interface (e.g. eth0)
\&        \-D              Read <hwaddr> from given device
\&        \-A, \-p          Protocol family
\&        \-H hwtype       Hardware address type
.Ve
.IP "\fBarping    \fR" 4
.IX Item "arping    "
arping     [\fB\-fqbDUA\fR] [\fB\-c\fR count] [\fB\-w\fR timeout] [\fB\-i\fR device] [\fB\-s\fR sender] target
.Sp
Ping hosts by \s-1ARP\s0 requests/replies
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-f              Quit on first ARP reply
\&        \-q              Quiet
\&        \-b              Keep broadcasting, don't go unicast
\&        \-D              Duplicated address detection mode
\&        \-U              Unsolicited ARP mode, update your neighbours
\&        \-A              ARP answer mode, update your neighbours
\&        \-c count        Stop after sending count ARP request packets
\&        \-w timeout      Time to wait for ARP reply, in seconds
\&        \-I device       Outgoing interface name, default is eth0
\&        \-s sender       Set specific sender IP address
\&        target          Target IP address of ARP request
.Ve
.IP "\fBash       \fR" 4
.IX Item "ash       "
ash        [\s-1FILE\s0]...
or: ash \fB\-c\fR command [args]...
.Sp
The ash shell (command interpreter)
.IP "\fBawk       \fR" 4
.IX Item "awk       "
awk        [\s-1OPTION\s0]... [program\-text] [\s-1FILE\s0 ...]
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-v var=val      Set variable
\&        \-F sep          Use sep as field separator
\&        \-f filename     Read program from file
.Ve
.IP "\fBbasename  \fR" 4
.IX Item "basename  "
basename   \s-1FILE\s0 [\s-1SUFFIX\s0]
.Sp
Strip directory path and suffixes from \s-1FILE\s0.
If specified, also remove any trailing \s-1SUFFIX\s0.
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        $ basename /usr/local/bin/foo
\&        foo
\&        $ basename /usr/local/bin/
\&        bin
\&        $ basename /foo/bar.txt .txt
\&        bar
.Ve
.IP "\fBbbconfig  \fR" 4
.IX Item "bbconfig  "
bbconfig          
.Sp
Print the config file which built busybox
.IP "\fBbbsh      \fR" 4
.IX Item "bbsh      "
bbsh       [\s-1FILE\s0]...
or: bbsh \fB\-c\fR command [args]...
.Sp
The bbsh shell (command interpreter)
.IP "\fBbunzip2   \fR" 4
.IX Item "bunzip2   "
bunzip2    [\s-1OPTION\s0]... [\s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Uncompress \s-1FILE\s0 (or standard input if \s-1FILE\s0 is '\-' or omitted)
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-c      Write output to standard output
\&        \-f      Force
.Ve
.IP "\fBbusybox   \fR" 4
.IX Item "busybox   "
busybox    
.Sp
Hello world!
.IP "\fBbzcat     \fR" 4
.IX Item "bzcat     "
bzcat      \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
Uncompress to stdout
.IP "\fBcal       \fR" 4
.IX Item "cal       "
cal        [\fB\-jy\fR] [[month] year]
.Sp
Display a calendar
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-j      Use julian dates
\&        \-y      Display the entire year
.Ve
.IP "\fBcat       \fR" 4
.IX Item "cat       "
cat        [\fB\-u\fR] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Concatenate \s-1FILE\s0(s) and print them to stdout
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-u      Use unbuffered i/o (ignored)
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ cat /proc/uptime
\&        110716.72 17.67
.Ve
.IP "\fBcatv      \fR" 4
.IX Item "catv      "
catv       [\fB\-etv\fR] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Display nonprinting characters as ^x or M\-x
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-e      End each line with $
\&        \-t      Show tabs as ^I
\&        \-v      Don't use ^x or M\-x escapes
.Ve
.IP "\fBchattr    \fR" 4
.IX Item "chattr    "
chattr     [\fB\-R\fR] [\-+=AacDdijsStTu] [\fB\-v\fR version] files...
.Sp
Change file attributes on an ext2 fs
.Sp
Modifiers:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-       Remove attributes
\&        +       Add attributes
\&        =       Set attributes
\&Attributes:
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 12
\&        A       Don't track atime
\&        a       Append mode only
\&        c       Enable compress
\&        D       Write dir contents synchronously
\&        d       Do not backup with dump
\&        i       Cannot be modified (immutable)
\&        j       Write all data to journal first
\&        s       Zero disk storage when deleted
\&        S       Write file contents synchronously
\&        t       Disable tail\-merging of partial blocks with other files
\&        u       Allow file to be undeleted
\&Options:
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-R      Recursively list subdirectories
\&        \-v      Set the file's version/generation number
.Ve
.IP "\fBchcon     \fR" 4
.IX Item "chcon     "
chcon      [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1CONTEXT\s0 \s-1FILE\s0...
	chcon [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\fB\-u\fR \s-1USER\s0] [\fB\-r\fR \s-1ROLE\s0] [\fB\-l\fR \s-1RANGE\s0] [\fB\-t\fR \s-1TYPE\s0] \s-1FILE\s0...
	chcon [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \-\fB\-reference\fR=RFILE \s-1FILE\s0...
.Sp
Change the security context of each \s-1FILE\s0 to \s-1CONTEXT\s0
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-v, \-\-verbose           Verbose
\&        \-c, \-\-changes           Report changes made
\&        \-h, \-\-no\-dereference    Affect symlinks instead of their targets
\&        \-f, \-\-silent, \-\-quiet   Suppress most error messages
\&        \-\-reference=RFILE       Use RFILE's group instead of using a CONTEXT value
\&        \-u, \-\-user=USER         Set user USER in the target security context
\&        \-r, \-\-role=ROLE         Set role ROLE in the target security context
\&        \-t, \-\-type=TYPE         Set type TYPE in the target security context
\&        \-l, \-\-range=RANGE       Set range RANGE in the target security context
\&        \-R, \-\-recursive         Recurse subdirectories
.Ve
.IP "\fBchgrp     \fR" 4
.IX Item "chgrp     "
chgrp      [\fB\-RhLHPcvf\fR]... \s-1GROUP\s0 \s-1FILE\s0...
.Sp
Change the group membership of each \s-1FILE\s0 to \s-1GROUP\s0
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-R      Recurse directories
\&        \-h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
\&        \-L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
\&        \-H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
\&        \-P      Do not traverse symlinks (default)
\&        \-c      List changed files
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-f      Hide errors
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        $ ls \-l /tmp/foo
\&        \-r\-\-r\-\-r\-\-    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
\&        $ chgrp root /tmp/foo
\&        $ ls \-l /tmp/foo
\&        \-r\-\-r\-\-r\-\-    1 andersen root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
.Ve
.IP "\fBchmod     \fR" 4
.IX Item "chmod     "
chmod      [\fB\-Rcvf\fR] MODE[,MODE]... \s-1FILE\s0...
.Sp
Each \s-1MODE\s0 is one or more of the letters ugoa, one of the
symbols +\-= and one or more of the letters rwxst
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-R      Recurse directories
\&        \-c      List changed files
\&        \-v      List all files
\&        \-f      Hide errors
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        $ ls \-l /tmp/foo
\&        \-rw\-rw\-r\-\-    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
\&        $ chmod u+x /tmp/foo
\&        $ ls \-l /tmp/foo
\&        \-rwxrw\-r\-\-    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo*
\&        $ chmod 444 /tmp/foo
\&        $ ls \-l /tmp/foo
\&        \-r\-\-r\-\-r\-\-    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
.Ve
.IP "\fBchown     \fR" 4
.IX Item "chown     "
chown      [\fB\-RhLHPcvf\fR]... OWNER[<.|:>[\s-1GROUP\s0]] \s-1FILE\s0...
.Sp
Change the owner and/or group of each \s-1FILE\s0 to \s-1OWNER\s0 and/or \s-1GROUP\s0
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-R      Recurse directories
\&        \-h      Affect symlinks instead of symlink targets
\&        \-L      Traverse all symlinks to directories
\&        \-H      Traverse symlinks on command line only
\&        \-P      Do not traverse symlinks (default)
\&        \-c      List changed files
\&        \-v      List all files
\&        \-f      Hide errors
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        $ ls \-l /tmp/foo
\&        \-r\-\-r\-\-r\-\-    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
\&        $ chown root /tmp/foo
\&        $ ls \-l /tmp/foo
\&        \-r\-\-r\-\-r\-\-    1 root     andersen        0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
\&        $ chown root.root /tmp/foo
\&        ls \-l /tmp/foo
\&        \-r\-\-r\-\-r\-\-    1 root     root            0 Apr 12 18:25 /tmp/foo
.Ve
.IP "\fBchpasswd  \fR" 4
.IX Item "chpasswd  "
chpasswd   [\-\fB\-md5\fR|\-\fB\-encrypt\fR]
.Sp
Read user:password information from stdin
and update /etc/passwd accordingly.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-e, \-\-encrypt   Supplied passwords are in encrypted form
\&        \-m, \-\-md5       Use MD5 encryption instead of DES
.Ve
.IP "\fBchpst     \fR" 4
.IX Item "chpst     "
chpst      [\fB\-vP012\fR] [\fB\-u\fR user[:group]] [\fB\-U\fR user[:group]] [\fB\-e\fR dir] [\-/ dir] [\fB\-n\fR nice] [\fB\-m\fR bytes] [\fB\-d\fR bytes] [\fB\-o\fR files] [\fB\-p\fR processes] [\fB\-f\fR bytes] [\fB\-c\fR bytes] prog args
.Sp
Change the process state and run specified program
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 18
\&        \-u user[:grp]   Set uid and gid
\&        \-U user[:grp]   Set environment variables UID and GID
\&        \-e dir          Set environment variables as specified by files
\&                        in the directory: file=1st_line_of_file
\&        \-/ dir          Chroot to dir
\&        \-n inc          Add inc to nice value
\&        \-m bytes        Limit data segment, stack segment, locked physical pages,
\&                        and total of all segment per process to bytes bytes each
\&        \-d bytes        Limit data segment
\&        \-o n            Limit the number of open file descriptors per process to n
\&        \-p n            Limit number of processes per uid to n
\&        \-f bytes        Limit output file size to bytes bytes
\&        \-c bytes        Limit core file size to bytes bytes
\&        \-v              Verbose
\&        \-P              Run prog in a new process group
\&        \-0              Close standard input
\&        \-1              Close standard output
\&        \-2              Close standard error
.Ve
.IP "\fBchroot    \fR" 4
.IX Item "chroot    "
chroot     \s-1NEWROOT\s0 [\s-1COMMAND\s0...]
.Sp
Run \s-1COMMAND\s0 with root directory set to \s-1NEWROOT\s0
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        $ ls \-l /bin/ls
\&        lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root          12 Apr 13 00:46 /bin/ls \-> /BusyBox
\&        # mount /dev/hdc1 /mnt \-t minix
\&        # chroot /mnt
\&        # ls \-l /bin/ls
\&        \-rwxr\-xr\-x    1 root     root        40816 Feb  5 07:45 /bin/ls*
.Ve
.IP "\fBchrt      \fR" 4
.IX Item "chrt      "
chrt       [\s-1OPTION\s0]... [prio] [pid | command [arg]...]
.Sp
manipulate real-time attributes of a process
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-p      operate on pid
\&        \-r      set scheduling policy to SCHED_RR
\&        \-f      set scheduling policy to SCHED_FIFO
\&        \-o      set scheduling policy to SCHED_OTHER
\&        \-m      show min and max priorities
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ chrt \-r 4 sleep 900; x=$!
\&        $ chrt \-f \-p 3 $x
\&        You need CAP_SYS_NICE privileges to set scheduling attributes of a process
.Ve
.IP "\fBchvt      \fR" 4
.IX Item "chvt      "
chvt       N
.Sp
Change the foreground virtual terminal to /dev/ttyN
.IP "\fBcksum     \fR" 4
.IX Item "cksum     "
cksum      \s-1FILES\s0...
.Sp
Calculate the \s-1CRC32\s0 checksums of \s-1FILES\s0
.IP "\fBclear     \fR" 4
.IX Item "clear     "
clear             
.Sp
Clear screen
.IP "\fBcmp       \fR" 4
.IX Item "cmp       "
cmp        [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-s\fR] \s-1FILE1\s0 [\s-1FILE2\s0 [\s-1SKIP1\s0 [\s-1SKIP2\s0]]]
.Sp
Compares \s-1FILE1\s0 vs stdin if \s-1FILE2\s0 is not specified
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-l      Write the byte numbers (decimal) and values (octal)
\&                for all differing bytes
\&        \-s      Quiet
.Ve
.IP "\fBcomm      \fR" 4
.IX Item "comm      "
comm       [\fB\-123\fR] \s-1FILE1\s0 \s-1FILE2\s0
.Sp
Compare \s-1FILE1\s0 to \s-1FILE2\s0, or to stdin if \- is specified
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-1      Suppress lines unique to FILE1
\&        \-2      Suppress lines unique to FILE2
\&        \-3      Suppress lines common to both files
.Ve
.IP "\fBcp        \fR" 4
.IX Item "cp        "
cp         [\s-1OPTION\s0]... \s-1SOURCE\s0 \s-1DEST\s0
.Sp
Copy \s-1SOURCE\s0 to \s-1DEST\s0, or multiple \s-1SOURCE\s0(s) to \s-1DIRECTORY\s0
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-a      Same as \-dpR
\&        \-c      Preserves security context
\&        \-d,\-P   Preserve links
\&        \-H,\-L   Dereference all symlinks (default)
\&        \-p      Preserve file attributes if possible
\&        \-f      Force overwrite
\&        \-i      Prompt before overwrite
\&        \-R,\-r   Recurse directories
\&        \-l,\-s   Create (sym)links
.Ve
.IP "\fBcpio      \fR" 4
.IX Item "cpio      "
cpio       \-[dimtuv][F cpiofile]
.Sp
Extract or list files from a cpio archive
Main operation mode:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        d       Make leading directories
\&        i       Extract
\&        m       Preserve mtime
\&        t       List
\&        v       Verbose
\&        u       Unconditional overwrite
\&        F       Input from file
.Ve
.IP "\fBcrond     \fR" 4
.IX Item "crond     "
crond      \fB\-d\fR[#] \fB\-c\fR crondir \fB\-f\fR \fB\-b\fR
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-d [#] \-l [#] \-S \-L logfile \-f \-b \-c dir
\&        \-d num  Debug level
\&        \-l num  Log level (8 \- default)
\&        \-S      Log to syslogd (default)
\&        \-L file Log to file
\&        \-f      Run in foreground
\&        \-b      Run in background (default)
\&        \-c dir  Working dir
.Ve
.IP "\fBcrontab   \fR" 4
.IX Item "crontab   "
crontab    [\fB\-c\fR dir] {file|\-}|[\fB\-u\fR|\fB\-l\fR|\fB\-e\fR|\fB\-d\fR user]
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        file [opts]     Replace crontab from file
\&        \- [opts]        Replace crontab from stdin
\&        \-u user         User
\&        \-l [user]       List crontab for user
\&        \-e [user]       Edit crontab for user
\&        \-d [user]       Delete crontab for user
\&        \-c dir          Crontab directory
.Ve
.IP "\fBcryptpw   \fR" 4
.IX Item "cryptpw   "
cryptpw    [\fB\-a\fR des|md5] [string]
.Sp
Outputs crypted string.
If string isn't supplied on cmdline, reads it from stdin.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-a      Algorithm to use (default: md5)
.Ve
.IP "\fBcut       \fR" 4
.IX Item "cut       "
cut        [\s-1OPTION\s0]... [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print selected fields from each input \s-1FILE\s0 to standard output
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-b LIST Output only bytes from LIST
\&        \-c LIST Output only characters from LIST
\&        \-d CHAR Use CHAR instead of tab as the field delimiter
\&        \-s      Output only the lines containing delimiter
\&        \-f N    Print only these fields
\&        \-n      Ignored
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        $ echo "Hello world" | cut \-f 1 \-d ' '
\&        Hello
\&        $ echo "Hello world" | cut \-f 2 \-d ' '
\&        world
.Ve
.IP "\fBdate      \fR" 4
.IX Item "date      "
date       [\s-1OPTION\s0]... [MMDDhhmm[[\s-1CC\s0]YY][.ss]] [+FORMAT]
.Sp
Display current time in the given \s-1FORMAT\s0, or set system date
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-R              Outputs RFC\-822 compliant date string
\&        \-d STRING       Displays time described by STRING, not 'now'
\&        \-I[TIMESPEC]    Outputs an ISO\-8601 compliant date/time string
\&                        TIMESPEC='date' (or missing) for date only,
\&                        'hours', 'minutes', or 'seconds' for date and
\&                        time to the indicated precision
\&        \-D hint         Use 'hint' as date format, via strptime()
\&        \-s STRING       Sets time described by STRING
\&        \-r FILE         Displays the last modification time of FILE
\&        \-u              Prints or sets Coordinated Universal Time
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ date
\&        Wed Apr 12 18:52:41 MDT 2000
.Ve
.IP "\fBdc        \fR" 4
.IX Item "dc        "
dc         expression ...
.Sp
This is a Tiny \s-1RPN\s0 calculator that understands the
following operations: +, add, \-, sub, *, mul, /, div, %, mod, **, exp, and, or, not, eor.
For example: 'dc 2 2 add' \-> 4, and 'dc 8 8 \e* 2 2 + /' \-> 16.
.Sp
Options:
p \- Prints the value on the top of the stack, without altering the stack
f \- Prints the entire contents of the stack without altering anything
o \- Pops the value off the top of the stack and uses it to set the output radix
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&    Only 10 and 16 are supported
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        $ dc 2 2 + p
\&        4
\&        $ dc 8 8 \e* 2 2 + / p
\&        16
\&        $ dc 0 1 and p
\&        0
\&        $ dc 0 1 or p
\&        1
\&        $ echo 72 9 div 8 mul p | dc
\&        64
.Ve
.IP "\fBdd        \fR" 4
.IX Item "dd        "
dd         [if=FILE] [of=FILE] [ibs=N] [obs=N] [bs=N] [count=N] [skip=N]
	[seek=N] [conv=notrunc|noerror|sync]
.Sp
Copy a file with converting and formatting
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        if=FILE         Read from FILE instead of stdin
\&        of=FILE         Write to FILE instead of stdout
\&        bs=N            Read and write N bytes at a time
\&        ibs=N           Read N bytes at a time
\&        obs=N           Write N bytes at a time
\&        count=N         Copy only N input blocks
\&        skip=N          Skip N input blocks
\&        seek=N          Skip N output blocks
\&        conv=notrunc    Don't truncate output file
\&        conv=noerror    Continue after read errors
\&        conv=sync       Pad blocks with zeros
.Ve
.Sp
Numbers may be suffixed by c (x1), w (x2), b (x512), kD (x1000), k (x1024),
\&\s-1MD\s0 (x1000000), M (x1048576), \s-1GD\s0 (x1000000000) or G (x1073741824)
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/ram1 bs=1M count=4
\&        4+0 records in
\&        4+0 records out
.Ve
.IP "\fBdeallocvt \fR" 4
.IX Item "deallocvt "
deallocvt  [N]
.Sp
Deallocate unused virtual terminal /dev/ttyN
.IP "\fBdelgroup  \fR" 4
.IX Item "delgroup  "
delgroup   [\s-1USER\s0] \s-1GROUP\s0
.Sp
Delete group \s-1GROUP\s0 from the system or user \s-1USER\s0 from group \s-1GROUP\s0
.IP "\fBdeluser   \fR" 4
.IX Item "deluser   "
deluser    \s-1USER\s0
.Sp
Delete user \s-1USER\s0 from the system
.IP "\fBdevfsd    \fR" 4
.IX Item "devfsd    "
devfsd     mntpnt [\fB\-v\fR][\fB\-fg\fR][\fB\-np\fR]
.Sp
Manage devfs permissions and old device name symlinks
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        mntpnt  The mount point where devfs is mounted
\&        \-v      Print the protocol version numbers for devfsd
\&                and the kernel\-side protocol version and exit
\&        \-fg     Run in foreground
\&        \-np     Exit after parsing the configuration file
\&                and processing synthetic REGISTER events,
\&                do not poll for events
.Ve
.IP "\fBdf        \fR" 4
.IX Item "df        "
df         [\fB\-hmk\fR] [\s-1FILESYSTEM\s0 ...]
.Sp
Print the filesystem space used and space available
.Sp
Options control size display:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-h      Human readable (e.g. 1K 243M 2G)
\&        \-m      1024*1024 blocks
\&        \-k      1024 blocks
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        $ df
\&        Filesystem           1k\-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
\&        /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
\&        /dev/sda1                64216     36364     27852  57% /boot
\&        $ df /dev/sda3
\&        Filesystem           1k\-blocks      Used Available Use% Mounted on
\&        /dev/sda3              8690864   8553540    137324  98% /
.Ve
.IP "\fBdhcprelay \fR" 4
.IX Item "dhcprelay "
dhcprelay  [client_device_list] [server_device]
.Sp
Relay dhcp requests from client devices to server device
.IP "\fBdiff      \fR" 4
.IX Item "diff      "
diff       [\fB\-abdiNqrTstw\fR] [\fB\-L\fR \s-1LABEL\s0] [\fB\-S\fR \s-1FILE\s0] [\fB\-U\fR \s-1LINES\s0] \s-1FILE1\s0 \s-1FILE2\s0
.Sp
Compare files line by line and output the differences between them.
This diff implementation only supports unified diffs.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 14
\&        \-a      Treat all files as text
\&        \-b      Ignore changes in the amount of whitespace
\&        \-d      Try hard to find a smaller set of changes
\&        \-i      Ignore case differences
\&        \-L      Use LABEL instead of the filename in the unified header
\&        \-N      Treat absent files as empty
\&        \-q      Output only whether files differ
\&        \-r      Recursively compare subdirectories
\&        \-S      Start with FILE when comparing directories
\&        \-T      Make tabs line up by prefixing a tab when necessary
\&        \-s      Report when two files are the same
\&        \-t      Expand tabs to spaces in output
\&        \-U      Output LINES lines of context
\&        \-w      Ignore all whitespace
.Ve
.IP "\fBdirname   \fR" 4
.IX Item "dirname   "
dirname    \s-1FILENAME\s0
.Sp
Strip non-directory suffix from \s-1FILENAME\s0
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        $ dirname /tmp/foo
\&        /tmp
\&        $ dirname /tmp/foo/
\&        /tmp
.Ve
.IP "\fBdmesg     \fR" 4
.IX Item "dmesg     "
dmesg      [\fB\-c\fR] [\fB\-n\fR \s-1LEVEL\s0] [\fB\-s\fR \s-1SIZE\s0]
.Sp
Print or control the kernel ring buffer
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c              Clears the ring buffer's contents after printing
\&        \-n LEVEL        Sets console logging level
\&        \-s SIZE         Use a buffer of size SIZE
.Ve
.IP "\fBdnsd      \fR" 4
.IX Item "dnsd      "
dnsd       [\fB\-c\fR config] [\fB\-t\fR seconds] [\fB\-p\fR port] [\fB\-i\fR iface\-ip] [\fB\-d\fR]
.Sp
Small and static \s-1DNS\s0 server daemon
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-c      Config filename
\&        \-t      TTL in seconds
\&        \-p      Listening port
\&        \-i      Listening ip (default all)
\&        \-d      Daemonize
.Ve
.IP "\fBdos2unix  \fR" 4
.IX Item "dos2unix  "
dos2unix   [option] [\s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Convert \s-1FILE\s0 from dos format to unix format. When no option
is given, the input is converted to the opposite output format.
When no file is given, use stdin for input and stdout for output.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-u      Output will be in UNIX format
\&        \-d      Output will be in DOS format
.Ve
.IP "\fBdpkg      \fR" 4
.IX Item "dpkg      "
dpkg       [\fB\-ilCPru\fR] [\fB\-F\fR option] package_name
.Sp
Install, remove and manage Debian packages
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-i              Install the package
\&        \-l              List of installed packages
\&        \-C              Configure an unpackaged package
\&        \-F depends      Ignore dependency problems
\&        \-P              Purge all files of a package
\&        \-r              Remove all but the configuration files for a package
\&        \-u              Unpack a package, but don't configure it
.Ve
.IP "\fBdpkg-deb  \fR" 4
.IX Item "dpkg-deb  "
dpkg-deb   [\fB\-cefxX\fR] \s-1FILE\s0 [argument]
.Sp
Perform actions on Debian packages (.debs)
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-c      List contents of filesystem tree
\&        \-e      Extract control files to [argument] directory
\&        \-f      Display control field name starting with [argument]
\&        \-x      Extract packages filesystem tree to directory
\&        \-X      Verbose extract
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ dpkg\-deb \-X ./busybox_0.48\-1_i386.deb /tmp
.Ve
.IP "\fBdu        \fR" 4
.IX Item "du        "
du         [\fB\-aHLdclsxhmk\fR] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Summarize disk space used for each \s-1FILE\s0 and/or directory.
Disk space is printed in units of 1024 bytes.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-a      Show sizes of files in addition to directories
\&        \-H      Follow symlinks that are FILE command line args
\&        \-L      Follow all symlinks encountered
\&        \-d N    Limit output to directories (and files with \-a) of depth < N
\&        \-c      Output a grand total
\&        \-l      Count sizes many times if hard linked
\&        \-s      Display only a total for each argument
\&        \-x      Skip directories on different filesystems
\&        \-h      Print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G )
\&        \-m      Print sizes in megabytes
\&        \-k      Print sizes in kilobytes(default)
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        $ du
\&        16      ./CVS
\&        12      ./kernel\-patches/CVS
\&        80      ./kernel\-patches
\&        12      ./tests/CVS
\&        36      ./tests
\&        12      ./scripts/CVS
\&        16      ./scripts
\&        12      ./docs/CVS
\&        104     ./docs
\&        2417    .
.Ve
.IP "\fBdumpkmap  \fR" 4
.IX Item "dumpkmap  "
dumpkmap   > keymap
.Sp
Print out a binary keyboard translation table to standard output
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ dumpkmap > keymap
.Ve
.IP "\fBdumpleases\fR" 4
.IX Item "dumpleases"
dumpleases [\fB\-r\fR|\fB\-a\fR] [\fB\-f\fR \s-1LEASEFILE\s0]
.Sp
Display \s-1DHCP\s0 leases granted by udhcpd
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-f, \-\-file=FILENAME     Leases file to load
\&        \-r, \-\-remaining         Interpret lease times as time remaining
\&        \-a, \-\-absolute          Interpret lease times as expire time
.Ve
.IP "\fBe2fsck    \fR" 4
.IX Item "e2fsck    "
e2fsck     [\fB\-panyrcdfvstDFSV\fR] [\fB\-b\fR superblock] [\fB\-B\fR blocksize] [\fB\-I\fR inode_buffer_blocks] [\fB\-P\fR process_inode_size] [\fB\-l\fR|\fB\-L\fR bad_blocks_file] [\fB\-C\fR fd] [\fB\-j\fR external_journal] [\fB\-E\fR extended\-options] device
.Sp
Check ext2/ext3 file system
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-p              Automatic repair (no questions)
\&        \-n              Make no changes to the filesystem
\&        \-y              Assume 'yes' to all questions
\&        \-c              Check for bad blocks and add them to the badblock list
\&        \-f              Force checking even if filesystem is marked clean
\&        \-v              Verbose
\&        \-b superblock   Use alternative superblock
\&        \-B blocksize    Force blocksize when looking for superblock
\&        \-j journal      Set location of the external journal
\&        \-l file         Add to badblocks list
\&        \-L file         Set badblocks list
.Ve
.IP "\fBecho      \fR" 4
.IX Item "echo      "
echo       [\fB\-neE\fR] [\s-1ARG\s0 ...]
.Sp
Print the specified ARGs to stdout
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-n      Suppress trailing newline
\&        \-e      Interpret backslash\-escaped characters (i.e., \et=tab)
\&        \-E      Disable interpretation of backslash\-escaped characters
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        $ echo "Erik is cool"
\&        Erik is cool
\&        $ echo \-e "Erik\enis\encool"
\&        Erik
\&        is
\&        cool
\&        $ echo "Erik\enis\encool"
\&        Erik\enis\encool
.Ve
.IP "\fBed        \fR" 4
.IX Item "ed        "
ed         #define ed_full_usage 
.IP "\fBeject     \fR" 4
.IX Item "eject     "
eject      [\fB\-t\fR] [\fB\-T\fR] [\s-1DEVICE\s0]
.Sp
Eject specified \s-1DEVICE\s0 (or default /dev/cdrom)
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-t      Close tray
\&        \-T      Open/close tray (toggle)
.Ve
.IP "\fBenv       \fR" 4
.IX Item "env       "
env        [\fB\-iu\fR] [\-] [name=value]... [command]
.Sp
Print the current environment or run a program after setting
up the specified environment
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-, \-i   Start with an empty environment
\&        \-u      Remove variable from the environment
.Ve
.IP "\fBenvdir    \fR" 4
.IX Item "envdir    "
envdir     dir prog args
.Sp
Set various environment variables as specified by files
in the directory dir, then run prog
.IP "\fBenvuidgid \fR" 4
.IX Item "envuidgid "
envuidgid  account prog args
.Sp
Set \f(CW$UID\fR to account's uid and \f(CW$GID\fR to account's gid, then run prog
.IP "\fBether_wake\fR" 4
.IX Item "ether_wake"
ether_wake [\fB\-b\fR] [\fB\-i\fR iface] [\fB\-p\fR aa:bb:cc:dd[:ee:ff]] \s-1MAC\s0
.Sp
Send a magic packet to wake up sleeping machines.
\&\s-1MAC\s0 must be a station address (00:11:22:33:44:55) or
a hostname with a known 'ethers' entry.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-b              Send wake\-up packet to the broadcast address
\&        \-i iface        Use interface ifname instead of the default "eth0"
\&        \-p pass         Append the four or six byte password PW to the packet
.Ve
.IP "\fBexpand    \fR" 4
.IX Item "expand    "
expand     [\fB\-i\fR] [\fB\-t\fR \s-1NUM\s0] [FILE|\-]
.Sp
Convert tabs to spaces, writing to standard output.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-i,\-\-initial    Do not convert tabs after non blanks
\&        \-t,\-\-tabs=N     Tabstops every N chars
.Ve
.IP "\fBexpr      \fR" 4
.IX Item "expr      "
expr       \s-1EXPRESSION\s0
.Sp
Print the value of \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 to standard output.
.Sp
\&\s-1EXPRESSION\s0 may be:
.Sp
.Vb 22
\&        ARG1 |  ARG2    ARG1 if it is neither null nor 0, otherwise ARG2
\&        ARG1 &  ARG2    ARG1 if neither argument is null or 0, otherwise 0
\&        ARG1 <  ARG2    ARG1 is less than ARG2
\&        ARG1 <= ARG2    ARG1 is less than or equal to ARG2
\&        ARG1 =  ARG2    ARG1 is equal to ARG2
\&        ARG1 != ARG2    ARG1 is unequal to ARG2
\&        ARG1 >= ARG2    ARG1 is greater than or equal to ARG2
\&        ARG1 >  ARG2    ARG1 is greater than ARG2
\&        ARG1 +  ARG2    Sum of ARG1 and ARG2
\&        ARG1 \-  ARG2    Difference of ARG1 and ARG2
\&        ARG1 *  ARG2    Product of ARG1 and ARG2
\&        ARG1 /  ARG2    Quotient of ARG1 divided by ARG2
\&        ARG1 %  ARG2    Remainder of ARG1 divided by ARG2
\&        STRING : REGEXP         Anchored pattern match of REGEXP in STRING
\&        match STRING REGEXP     Same as STRING : REGEXP
\&        substr STRING POS LENGTH Substring of STRING, POS counted from 1
\&        index STRING CHARS      Index in STRING where any CHARS is found, or 0
\&        length STRING           Length of STRING
\&        quote TOKEN             Interpret TOKEN as a string, even if
\&                                it is a keyword like 'match' or an
\&                                operator like '/'
\&        (EXPRESSION)            Value of EXPRESSION
.Ve
.Sp
Beware that many operators need to be escaped or quoted for shells.
Comparisons are arithmetic if both ARGs are numbers, else
lexicographical. Pattern matches return the string matched between
\&\e( and \e) or null; if \e( and \e) are not used, they return the number
of characters matched or 0.
.IP "\fBfakeidentd\fR" 4
.IX Item "fakeidentd"
fakeidentd [\fB\-fiw\fR] [\fB\-b\fR \s-1ADDR\s0] [\s-1STRING\s0]
.Sp
Provide fake ident (auth) service
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-f      Run in foreground
\&        \-i      Inetd mode
\&        \-w      Inetd 'wait' mode
\&        \-b ADDR Bind to specified address
\&        STRING  Ident answer string (default is 'nobody')
.Ve
.IP "\fBfalse     \fR" 4
.IX Item "false     "
false             
.Sp
Return an exit code of \s-1FALSE\s0 (1)
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ false
\&        $ echo $?
\&        1
.Ve
.IP "\fBfbset     \fR" 4
.IX Item "fbset     "
fbset      [options] [mode]
.Sp
Show and modify frame buffer settings
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        $ fbset
\&        mode "1024x768\-76"
\&                # D: 78.653 MHz, H: 59.949 kHz, V: 75.694 Hz
\&                geometry 1024 768 1024 768 16
\&                timings 12714 128 32 16 4 128 4
\&                accel false
\&                rgba 5/11,6/5,5/0,0/0
\&        endmode
.Ve
.IP "\fBfdflush   \fR" 4
.IX Item "fdflush   "
fdflush    \s-1DEVICE\s0
.Sp
Force floppy disk drive to detect disk change
.IP "\fBfdformat  \fR" 4
.IX Item "fdformat  "
fdformat   [\fB\-n\fR] \s-1DEVICE\s0
.Sp
Format floppy disk
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-n      Don't verify after format
.Ve
.IP "\fBfdisk     \fR" 4
.IX Item "fdisk     "
fdisk      [\fB\-luv\fR] [\fB\-C\fR \s-1CYLINDERS\s0] [\fB\-H\fR \s-1HEADS\s0] [\fB\-S\fR \s-1SECTORS\s0] [\fB\-b\fR \s-1SSZ\s0] \s-1DISK\s0
.Sp
Change partition table
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-l              List partition table(s)
\&        \-u              Give Start and End in sector (instead of cylinder) units
\&        \-s PARTITION    Give partition size(s) in blocks
\&        \-b 2048         (for certain MO disks) use 2048\-byte sectors
\&        \-C CYLINDERS    Set the number of cylinders
\&        \-H HEADS        Set the number of heads
\&        \-S SECTORS      Set the number of sectors
\&        \-v              Give fdisk version
.Ve
.IP "\fBfind      \fR" 4
.IX Item "find      "
find       [\s-1PATH\s0...] [\s-1EXPRESSION\s0]
.Sp
Search for files in a directory hierarchy. The default \s-1PATH\s0 is
the current directory, default \s-1EXPRESSION\s0 is '\fB\-print\fR'
.Sp
\&\s-1EXPRESSION\s0 may consist of:
.Sp
.Vb 30
\&        \-follow         Dereference symlinks
\&        \-xdev           Don't descend directories on other filesystems
\&        \-maxdepth N     Descend at most N levels. \-maxdepth 0 applies
\&                        tests/actions to command line arguments only
\&        \-name PATTERN   File name (w/o directory name) matches PATTERN
\&        \-path PATTERN   Path matches PATTERN
\&        \-regex PATTERN  Path matches regex PATTERN
\&        \-type X         File type is X (X is one of: f,d,l,b,c,...)
\&        \-perm NNN       Permissions match any of (+NNN), all of (\-NNN),
\&                        or exactly (NNN)
\&        \-mtime DAYS     Modified time is greater than (+N), less than (\-N),
\&                        or exactly (N) days
\&        \-mmin MINS      Modified time is greater than (+N), less than (\-N),
\&                        or exactly (N) minutes
\&        \-newer FILE     Modified time is more recent than FILE's
\&        \-inum N         File has inode number N
\&        \-user NAME      File is owned by user NAME (numeric user ID allowed)
\&        \-group NAME     File belongs to group NAME (numeric group ID allowed)
\&        \-depth          Process directory name after traversing it
\&        \-size N[bck]    File size is N (c:bytes,k:kbytes,b:512 bytes(def.)).
\&                        +/\-N: file size is bigger/smaller than N
\&        \-print          Print (default and assumed)
\&        \-print0         Delimit output with null characters rather than
\&                        newlines        USE_FEATURE_FIND_CONTEXT ( 
\&        \-context        File has specified security context")    
\&        \-exec CMD ARG ; Execute CMD with all instances of {} replaced by the
\&                        matching files
\&        \-prune          Stop traversing current subtree
\&        \-delete         Delete files, turns on \-depth option
\&        (EXPR)          Group an expression
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ find / \-name passwd
\&        /etc/passwd
.Ve
.IP "\fBfold      \fR" 4
.IX Item "fold      "
fold       [\fB\-bs\fR] [\fB\-w\fR \s-1WIDTH\s0] [\s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Wrap input lines in each \s-1FILE\s0 (standard input by default), writing to
standard output
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-b      Count bytes rather than columns
\&        \-s      Break at spaces
\&        \-w      Use WIDTH columns instead of 80
.Ve
.IP "\fBfree      \fR" 4
.IX Item "free      "
free              
.Sp
Display the amount of free and used system memory
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        $ free
\&                      total         used         free       shared      buffers
\&          Mem:       257628       248724         8904        59644        93124
\&         Swap:       128516         8404       120112
\&        Total:       386144       257128       129016
.Ve
.IP "\fBfreeramdisk\fR" 4
.IX Item "freeramdisk"
freeramdisk \s-1DEVICE\s0
.Sp
Free all memory used by the specified ramdisk
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ freeramdisk /dev/ram2
.Ve
.IP "\fBfsck      \fR" 4
.IX Item "fsck      "
fsck       [\fB\-ANPRTV\fR] [\fB\-C\fR fd] [\fB\-t\fR fstype] [fs\-options] [filesys ...]
.Sp
Check and repair filesystems
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-A      Walk /etc/fstab and check all filesystems
\&        \-N      Don't execute, just show what would be done
\&        \-P      When using \-A, check filesystems in parallel
\&        \-R      When using \-A, skip the root filesystem
\&        \-T      Don't show title on startup
\&        \-V      Verbose
\&        \-C n    Write status information to specified filedescriptor
\&        \-t type List of filesystem types to check
.Ve
.IP "\fBfsck.minix\fR" 4
.IX Item "fsck.minix"
fsck.minix [\fB\-larvsmf\fR] /dev/name
.Sp
Perform a consistency check for \s-1MINIX\s0 filesystems
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-l      Lists all filenames
\&        \-r      Perform interactive repairs
\&        \-a      Perform automatic repairs
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-s      Outputs super\-block information
\&        \-m      Activates MINIX\-like "mode not cleared" warnings
\&        \-f      Force file system check
.Ve
.IP "\fBftpget    \fR" 4
.IX Item "ftpget    "
ftpget     [options] remote-host local-file remote-file
.Sp
Retrieve a remote file via \s-1FTP\s0
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-c, \-\-continue  Continue a previous transfer
\&        \-v, \-\-verbose   Verbose
\&        \-u, \-\-username  Username to be used
\&        \-p, \-\-password  Password to be used
\&        \-P, \-\-port      Port number to be used
.Ve
.IP "\fBftpput    \fR" 4
.IX Item "ftpput    "
ftpput     [options] remote-host remote-file local-file
.Sp
Store a local file on a remote machine via \s-1FTP\s0
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-v, \-\-verbose   Verbose
\&        \-u, \-\-username  Username to be used
\&        \-p, \-\-password  Password to be used
\&        \-P, \-\-port      Port number to be used
.Ve
.IP "\fBfuser     \fR" 4
.IX Item "fuser     "
fuser      [options] file \s-1OR\s0 port/proto
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-m      Show all processes on the same mounted fs
\&        \-k      Kill all processes that match
\&        \-s      Don't print or kill anything
\&        \-4      When using port/proto only search IPv4 space
\&        \-6      When using port/proto only search IPv6 space
\&        \-SIGNAL When used with \-k, this signal will be used to kill
.Ve
.IP "\fBgetenforce\fR" 4
.IX Item "getenforce"
getenforce #define getenforce_full_usage
.IP "\fBgetopt    \fR" 4
.IX Item "getopt    "
getopt     [\s-1OPTIONS\s0]...
.Sp
Parse command options
.Sp
.Vb 9
\&        \-a, \-\-alternative               Allow long options starting with single \-
\&        \-l, \-\-longoptions=longopts      Long options to be recognized
\&        \-n, \-\-name=progname             The name under which errors are reported
\&        \-o, \-\-options=optstring         Short options to be recognized
\&        \-q, \-\-quiet                     Disable error reporting by getopt(3)
\&        \-Q, \-\-quiet\-output              No normal output
\&        \-s, \-\-shell=shell               Set shell quoting conventions
\&        \-T, \-\-test                      Test for getopt(1) version
\&        \-u, \-\-unquoted                  Do not quote the output
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 19
\&        $ cat getopt.test
\&        #!/bin/sh
\&        GETOPT=`getopt \-o ab:c:: \-\-long a\-long,b\-long:,c\-long:: \e
\&               \-n 'example.busybox' \-\- "$@"`
\&        if [ $? != 0 ]; then  exit 1; fi
\&        eval set \-\- "$GETOPT"
\&        while true; do
\&         case $1 in
\&           \-a|\-\-a\-long) echo "Option a"; shift;;
\&           \-b|\-\-b\-long) echo "Option b, argument '$2'"; shift 2;;
\&           \-c|\-\-c\-long)
\&             case "$2" in
\&               "") echo "Option c, no argument"; shift 2;;
\&               *)  echo "Option c, argument '$2'"; shift 2;;
\&             esac;;
\&           \-\-) shift; break;;
\&           *) echo "Internal error!"; exit 1;;
\&         esac
\&        done
.Ve
.IP "\fBgetsebool \fR" 4
.IX Item "getsebool "
getsebool  \fB\-a\fR or getsebool boolean...
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-a      Show all SELinux booleans
.Ve
.IP "\fBgetty     \fR" 4
.IX Item "getty     "
getty      [\s-1OPTIONS\s0]... baud_rate,... line [termtype]
.Sp
Open a tty, prompt for a login name, then invoke /bin/login
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-h              Enable hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control
\&        \-i              Do not display /etc/issue before running login
\&        \-L              Local line, so do not do carrier detect
\&        \-m              Get baud rate from modem's CONNECT status message
\&        \-w              Wait for a CR or LF before sending /etc/issue
\&        \-n              Do not prompt the user for a login name
\&        \-f issue_file   Display issue_file instead of /etc/issue
\&        \-l login_app    Invoke login_app instead of /bin/login
\&        \-t timeout      Terminate after timeout if no username is read
\&        \-I initstring   Sets the init string to send before anything else
\&        \-H login_host   Log login_host into the utmp file as the hostname
.Ve
.IP "\fBgrep      \fR" 4
.IX Item "grep      "
grep       [\fB\-HhrilLnqvsoweFEABC\fR] \s-1PATTERN\s0 [FILEs...]
.Sp
Search for \s-1PATTERN\s0 in each \s-1FILE\s0 or standard input
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 21
\&        \-H      Prefix output lines with filename where match was found
\&        \-h      Suppress the prefixing filename on output
\&        \-r      Recurse subdirectories
\&        \-i      Ignore case distinctions
\&        \-l      List names of files that match
\&        \-L      List names of files that do not match
\&        \-n      Print line number with output lines
\&        \-q      Quiet. Returns 0 if PATTERN was found, 1 otherwise
\&        \-v      Select non\-matching lines
\&        \-s      Suppress file open/read error messages
\&        \-c      Only print count of matching lines
\&        \-o      Show only the part of a line that matches PATTERN
\&        \-m MAX  Match up to MAX times per file
\&        \-w      Match whole words only
\&        \-F      PATTERN is a set of newline\-separated strings
\&        \-E      PATTERN is an extended regular expression
\&        \-e PTRN Pattern to match
\&        \-f FILE Read pattern from file
\&        \-A      Print NUM lines of trailing context
\&        \-B      Print NUM lines of leading context
\&        \-C      Print NUM lines of output context
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        $ grep root /etc/passwd
\&        root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
\&        $ grep ^[rR]oo. /etc/passwd
\&        root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
.Ve
.IP "\fBgunzip    \fR" 4
.IX Item "gunzip    "
gunzip     [\s-1OPTION\s0]... \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
Uncompress \s-1FILE\s0 (or standard input if \s-1FILE\s0 is '\-')
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c      Write output to standard output
\&        \-f      Force read when source is a terminal
\&        \-t      Test compressed file integrity
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        $ ls \-la /tmp/BusyBox*
\&        \-rw\-rw\-r\-\-    1 andersen andersen   557009 Apr 11 10:55 /tmp/BusyBox\-0.43.tar.gz
\&        $ gunzip /tmp/BusyBox\-0.43.tar.gz
\&        $ ls \-la /tmp/BusyBox*
\&        \-rw\-rw\-r\-\-    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/BusyBox\-0.43.tar
.Ve
.IP "\fBgzip      \fR" 4
.IX Item "gzip      "
gzip       [\s-1OPTION\s0]... [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Compress \s-1FILE\s0(s) with maximum compression.
When \s-1FILE\s0 is '\-' or unspecified, reads standard input. Implies \fB\-c\fR.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c      Write output to standard output instead of FILE.gz
\&        \-d      Decompress
\&        \-f      Force write when destination is a terminal
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        $ ls \-la /tmp/busybox*
\&        \-rw\-rw\-r\-\-    1 andersen andersen  1761280 Apr 14 17:47 /tmp/busybox.tar
\&        $ gzip /tmp/busybox.tar
\&        $ ls \-la /tmp/busybox*
\&        \-rw\-rw\-r\-\-    1 andersen andersen   554058 Apr 14 17:49 /tmp/busybox.tar.gz
.Ve
.IP "\fBhalt      \fR" 4
.IX Item "halt      "
halt       [\fB\-d\fR delay] [\fB\-n\fR] [\fB\-f\fR]
.Sp
Halt the system
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-d      Delay interval for halting
\&        \-n      No call to sync()
\&        \-f      Force halt (don't go through init)
.Ve
.IP "\fBhdparm    \fR" 4
.IX Item "hdparm    "
hdparm     [options] [device] ..
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&         If no device name is specified try to read from stdin.
.Ve
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 39
\&        \-a      Get/set fs readahead
\&        \-A      Set drive read\-lookahead flag (0/1)
\&        \-b      Get/set bus state (0 == off, 1 == on, 2 == tristate)
\&        \-B      Set Advanced Power Management setting (1\-255)
\&        \-c      Get/set IDE 32\-bit IO setting
\&        \-C      Check IDE power mode status
\&        \-d      Get/set using_dma flag
\&        \-D      Enable/disable drive defect\-mgmt
\&        \-f      Flush buffer cache for device on exit
\&        \-g      Display drive geometry
\&        \-h      Display terse usage information
\&        \-i      Display drive identification
\&        \-I      Detailed/current information directly from drive
\&        \-k      Get/set keep_settings_over_reset flag (0/1)
\&        \-K      Set drive keep_features_over_reset flag (0/1)
\&        \-L      Set drive doorlock (0/1) (removable harddisks only)
\&        \-m      Get/set multiple sector count
\&        \-n      Get/set ignore\-write\-errors flag (0/1)
\&        \-p      Set PIO mode on IDE interface chipset (0,1,2,3,4,...)
\&        \-P      Set drive prefetch count
\&        \-q      Change next setting quietly
\&        \-Q      Get/set DMA tagged\-queuing depth (if supported)
\&        \-r      Get/set readonly flag (DANGEROUS to set)
\&        \-R      Register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
\&        \-S      Set standby (spindown) timeout
\&        \-t      Perform device read timings
\&        \-T      Perform cache read timings
\&        \-u      Get/set unmaskirq flag (0/1)
\&        \-U      Un\-register an IDE interface (DANGEROUS)
\&        \-v      Defaults; same as \-mcudkrag for IDE drives
\&        \-V      Display program version and exit immediately
\&        \-w      Perform device reset (DANGEROUS)
\&        \-W      Set drive write\-caching flag (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
\&        \-x      Tristate device for hotswap (0/1) (DANGEROUS)
\&        \-X      Set IDE xfer mode (DANGEROUS)
\&        \-y      Put IDE drive in standby mode
\&        \-Y      Put IDE drive to sleep
\&        \-Z      Disable Seagate auto\-powersaving mode
\&        \-z      Re\-read partition table
.Ve
.IP "\fBhead      \fR" 4
.IX Item "head      "
head       [\s-1OPTION\s0]... [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Print first 10 lines of each \s-1FILE\s0 to standard output.
With more than one \s-1FILE\s0, precede each with a header giving the
file name. With no \s-1FILE\s0, or when \s-1FILE\s0 is \-, read standard input.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-n NUM  Print first NUM lines instead of first 10
\&        \-c NUM  Output the first NUM bytes
\&        \-q      Never output headers giving file names
\&        \-v      Always output headers giving file names
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ head \-n 2 /etc/passwd
\&        root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
\&        daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
.Ve
.IP "\fBhexdump   \fR" 4
.IX Item "hexdump   "
hexdump    [\-[bcCdefnosvx]] [\s-1OPTION\s0] \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
Display file(s) or standard input in a user specified format
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-b              One\-byte octal display
\&        \-c              One\-byte character display
\&        \-C              Canonical hex+ASCII, 16 bytes per line
\&        \-d              Two\-byte decimal display
\&        \-e FORMAT STRING
\&        \-f FORMAT FILE
\&        \-n LENGTH       Interpret only length bytes of input
\&        \-o              Two\-byte octal display
\&        \-s OFFSET       Skip offset bytes
\&        \-v              Display all input data
\&        \-x              Two\-byte hexadecimal display
.Ve
.IP "\fBhostid    \fR" 4
.IX Item "hostid    "
hostid            
.Sp
Print out a unique 32\-bit identifier for the machine
.IP "\fBhostname  \fR" 4
.IX Item "hostname  "
hostname   [\s-1OPTION\s0] {hostname | \fB\-F\fR \s-1FILE\s0}
.Sp
Get or set the hostname or \s-1DNS\s0 domain name. If a hostname is given
(or \s-1FILE\s0 with the \fB\-F\fR parameter), the host name will be set.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-s      Short
\&        \-i      Addresses for the hostname
\&        \-d      DNS domain name
\&        \-f      Fully qualified domain name
\&        \-F FILE Use the contents of FILE to specify the hostname
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ hostname
\&        sage
.Ve
.IP "\fBhttpd     \fR" 4
.IX Item "httpd     "
httpd      [\fB\-c\fR conffile] [\fB\-p\fR [ip:]port] [\fB\-i\fR] [\fB\-f\fR] [\fB\-v\fR[v]] [\fB\-u\fR user[:grp]] [\fB\-r\fR realm] [\fB\-m\fR pass] [\fB\-h\fR home] [\fB\-d\fR/\fB\-e\fR string]
.Sp
Listen for incoming \s-1HTTP\s0 requests
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-c FILE         Configuration file (default httpd.conf)
\&        \-p [IP:]PORT    Bind to ip:port (default *:80)
\&        \-i              Inetd mode
\&        \-f              Do not daemonize
\&        \-v[v]           Verbose
\&        \-u USER[:GRP]   Set uid/gid after binding to port
\&        \-r REALM        Authentication Realm for Basic Authentication
\&        \-m PASS         Crypt PASS with md5 algorithm
\&        \-h HOME         Home directory (default .)
\&        \-e STRING       HTML encode STRING
\&        \-d STRING       URL decode STRING
.Ve
.IP "\fBhwclock   \fR" 4
.IX Item "hwclock   "
hwclock    [\fB\-r\fR|\-\fB\-show\fR] [\fB\-s\fR|\-\fB\-hctosys\fR] [\fB\-w\fR|\-\fB\-systohc\fR] [\fB\-l\fR|\-\fB\-localtime\fR] [\fB\-u\fR|\-\fB\-utc\fR] [\fB\-f\fR \s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Query and set a hardware clock (\s-1RTC\s0)
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-r      Read hardware clock and print result
\&        \-s      Set the system time from the hardware clock
\&        \-w      Set the hardware clock to the current system time
\&        \-u      The hardware clock is kept in coordinated universal time
\&        \-l      The hardware clock is kept in local time
\&        \-f FILE Use the specified clock (e.g. /dev/rtc2)
.Ve
.IP "\fBid        \fR" 4
.IX Item "id        "
id         [\s-1OPTIONS\s0]... [\s-1USERNAME\s0]
.Sp
Print information for \s-1USERNAME\s0 or the current user
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-Z      prints only the security context
\&        \-g      Prints only the group ID
\&        \-u      Prints only the user ID
\&        \-n      Print a name instead of a number
\&        \-r      Prints the real user ID instead of the effective ID
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ id
\&        uid=1000(andersen) gid=1000(andersen)
.Ve
.IP "\fBifconfig  \fR" 4
.IX Item "ifconfig  "
ifconfig   [\fB\-a\fR] interface [address]
.Sp
Configure a network interface
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        [add ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
\&        [del ADDRESS[/PREFIXLEN]]
\&        [[\-]broadcast [ADDRESS]] [[\-]pointopoint [ADDRESS]]
\&        [netmask ADDRESS] [dstaddr ADDRESS]
\&        [outfill NN] [keepalive NN]
\&        [hw ether ADDRESS] [metric NN] [mtu NN]
\&        [[\-]trailers] [[\-]arp] [[\-]allmulti]
\&        [multicast] [[\-]promisc] [txqueuelen NN] [[\-]dynamic]
\&        [mem_start NN] [io_addr NN] [irq NN]
\&        [up|down] ...
.Ve
.IP "\fBifdown    \fR" 4
.IX Item "ifdown    "
ifdown     [\fB\-ahinv\fR] ifaces...
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-a      De/configure all interfaces automatically
\&        \-i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
\&        \-n      Print out what would happen, but don't do it
\&                (note that this option doesn't disable mappings)
\&        \-v      Print out what would happen before doing it
\&        \-m      Don't run any mappings
\&        \-f      Force de/configuration
.Ve
.IP "\fBifup      \fR" 4
.IX Item "ifup      "
ifup       [\fB\-ahinv\fR] ifaces...
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-a      De/configure all interfaces automatically
\&        \-i FILE Use FILE for interface definitions
\&        \-n      Print out what would happen, but don't do it
\&                (note that this option doesn't disable mappings)
\&        \-v      Print out what would happen before doing it
\&        \-m      Don't run any mappings
\&        \-f      Force de/configuration
.Ve
.IP "\fBinetd     \fR" 4
.IX Item "inetd     "
inetd      [\fB\-f\fR] [\fB\-q\fR len] [conf]
.Sp
Listen for network connections and launch programs
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-f      Run in foreground
\&        \-q N    Set the size of the socket listen queue to N
\&                (default: 128)
.Ve
.IP "\fBinit      \fR" 4
.IX Item "init      "
init              
.Sp
Init is the parent of all processes
.Sp
This version of init is designed to be run only by the kernel.
.Sp
BusyBox init doesn't support multiple runlevels. The runlevels field of
the /etc/inittab file is completely ignored by BusyBox init. If you want
runlevels, use sysvinit.
.Sp
BusyBox init works just fine without an inittab. If no inittab is found,
it has the following default behavior:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
\&        ::askfirst:/bin/sh
\&        ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
\&        ::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff \-a
\&        ::shutdown:/bin/umount \-a \-r
\&        ::restart:/sbin/init
.Ve
.Sp
if it detects that /dev/console is _not_ a serial console, it will also run:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        tty2::askfirst:/bin/sh
\&        tty3::askfirst:/bin/sh
\&        tty4::askfirst:/bin/sh
.Ve
.Sp
If you choose to use an /etc/inittab file, the inittab entry format is as follows:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        <id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        <id>:
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&                WARNING: This field has a non\-traditional meaning for BusyBox init!
\&                The id field is used by BusyBox init to specify the controlling tty for
\&                the specified process to run on. The contents of this field are
\&                appended to "/dev/" and used as\-is. There is no need for this field to
\&                be unique, although if it isn't you may have strange results. If this
\&                field is left blank, the controlling tty is set to the console. Also
\&                note that if BusyBox detects that a serial console is in use, then only
\&                entries whose controlling tty is either the serial console or /dev/null
\&                will be run. BusyBox init does nothing with utmp. We don't need no
\&                stinkin' utmp.
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        <runlevels>:
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&                The runlevels field is completely ignored.
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        <action>:
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&                Valid actions include: sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait,
\&                once, restart, ctrlaltdel, and shutdown.
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&                The available actions can be classified into two groups: actions
\&                that are run only once, and actions that are re\-run when the specified
\&                process exits.
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&                Run only\-once actions:
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 15
\&                        'sysinit' is the first item run on boot. init waits until all
\&                        sysinit actions are completed before continuing. Following the
\&                        completion of all sysinit actions, all 'wait' actions are run.
\&                        'wait' actions, like 'sysinit' actions, cause init to wait until
\&                        the specified task completes. 'once' actions are asynchronous,
\&                        therefore, init does not wait for them to complete. 'restart' is
\&                        the action taken to restart the init process. By default this should
\&                        simply run /sbin/init, but can be a script which runs pivot_root or it
\&                        can do all sorts of other interesting things. The 'ctrlaltdel' init
\&                        actions are run when the system detects that someone on the system
\&                        console has pressed the CTRL\-ALT\-DEL key combination. Typically one
\&                        wants to run 'reboot' at this point to cause the system to reboot.
\&                        Finally the 'shutdown' action specifies the actions to taken when
\&                        init is told to reboot. Unmounting filesystems and disabling swap
\&                        is a very good here.
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&                Run repeatedly actions:
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&                        'respawn' actions are run after the 'once' actions. When a process
\&                        started with a 'respawn' action exits, init automatically restarts
\&                        it. Unlike sysvinit, BusyBox init does not stop processes from
\&                        respawning out of control. The 'askfirst' actions acts just like
\&                        respawn, except that before running the specified process it
\&                        displays the line "Please press Enter to activate this console."
\&                        and then waits for the user to press enter before starting the
\&                        specified process.
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&                Unrecognized actions (like initdefault) will cause init to emit an
\&                error message, and then go along with its business. All actions are
\&                run in the order they appear in /etc/inittab.
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        <process>:
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&                Specifies the process to be executed and its command line.
.Ve
.Sp
Example /etc/inittab file:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        # This is run first except when booting in single\-user mode
\&        #
\&        ::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        # /bin/sh invocations on selected ttys
\&        #
\&        # Start an "askfirst" shell on the console (whatever that may be)
\&        ::askfirst:\-/bin/sh
\&        # Start an "askfirst" shell on /dev/tty2\-4
\&        tty2::askfirst:\-/bin/sh
\&        tty3::askfirst:\-/bin/sh
\&        tty4::askfirst:\-/bin/sh
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        # /sbin/getty invocations for selected ttys
\&        #
\&        tty4::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty4
\&        tty5::respawn:/sbin/getty 38400 tty5
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        # Example of how to put a getty on a serial line (for a terminal)
\&        #
\&        #::respawn:/sbin/getty \-L ttyS0 9600 vt100
\&        #::respawn:/sbin/getty \-L ttyS1 9600 vt100
\&        #
\&        # Example how to put a getty on a modem line
\&        #::respawn:/sbin/getty 57600 ttyS2
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        # Stuff to do when restarting the init process
\&        ::restart:/sbin/init
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        # Stuff to do before rebooting
\&        ::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/reboot
\&        ::shutdown:/bin/umount \-a \-r
\&        ::shutdown:/sbin/swapoff \-a
.Ve
.IP "\fBinsmod    \fR" 4
.IX Item "insmod    "
insmod     [\s-1OPTION\s0]... \s-1MODULE\s0 [symbol=value]...
.Sp
Load the specified kernel modules into the kernel
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-f      Force module to load into the wrong kernel version
\&        \-k      Make module autoclean\-able
\&        \-v      Verbose
\&        \-q      Quiet
\&        \-L      Lock to prevent simultaneous loads of a module
\&        \-m      Output load map to stdout
\&        \-o NAME Set internal module name to NAME
\&        \-x      Do not export externs
.Ve
.IP "\fBinstall   \fR" 4
.IX Item "install   "
install    [\fB\-cgmops\fR] [sources] dest|directory
.Sp
Copy files and set attributes
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-c      Copy the file, default
\&        \-d      Create directories
\&        \-g      Set group ownership
\&        \-m      Set permissions
\&        \-o      Set ownership
\&        \-p      Preserve date
\&        \-s      Strip symbol tables
\&        \-Z      Set security context of copy
.Ve
.IP "\fBip        \fR" 4
.IX Item "ip        "
ip         [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] {address | route | link | tunnel | rule} {\s-1COMMAND\s0}
.Sp
ip [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1OBJECT\s0 {\s-1COMMAND\s0}
where \s-1OBJECT\s0 := {address | route | link | tunnel | rule}
\&\s-1OPTIONS\s0 := { \fB\-f\fR[amily] { inet | inet6 | link } | \fB\-o\fR[neline] }
.IP "\fBipaddr    \fR" 4
.IX Item "ipaddr    "
ipaddr     { {add|del} \s-1IFADDR\s0 dev \s-1STRING\s0 | {show|flush}
		[dev \s-1STRING\s0] [to \s-1PREFIX\s0] }
.Sp
ipaddr {add|delete} \s-1IFADDR\s0 dev \s-1STRING\s0
ipaddr {show|flush} [dev \s-1STRING\s0] [scope \s-1SCOPE\-ID\s0]
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        [to PREFIX] [label PATTERN]
\&        IFADDR := PREFIX | ADDR peer PREFIX
\&        [broadcast ADDR] [anycast ADDR]
\&        [label STRING] [scope SCOPE\-ID]
\&        SCOPE\-ID := [host | link | global | NUMBER]
.Ve
.IP "\fBipcalc    \fR" 4
.IX Item "ipcalc    "
ipcalc     [\s-1OPTION\s0]... ADDRESS[[/]NETMASK] [\s-1NETMASK\s0]
.Sp
Calculate \s-1IP\s0 network settings from a \s-1IP\s0 address
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-b      \-\-broadcast     Display calculated broadcast address
\&        \-n      \-\-network       Display calculated network address
\&        \-m      \-\-netmask       Display default netmask for IP
\&        \-p      \-\-prefix        Display the prefix for IP/NETMASK
\&        \-h      \-\-hostname      Display first resolved host name
\&        \-s      \-\-silent        Don't ever display error messages
.Ve
.IP "\fBipcrm     \fR" 4
.IX Item "ipcrm     "
ipcrm      [\-[\s-1MQS\s0] key] [\-[mqs] id]
.Sp
The upper-case options \s-1MQS\s0 are used to remove a shared memory segment by a
segment by a shmkey value. The lower-case options mqs are used
to remove a segment by shmid value.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-[mM]   Remove the memory segment after the last detach
\&        \-[qQ]   Remove the message queue
\&        \-[sS]   Remove the semaphore
.Ve
.IP "\fBipcs      \fR" 4
.IX Item "ipcs      "
ipcs       [[\fB\-smq\fR] \fB\-i\fR shmid] | [[\fB\-asmq\fR] [\fB\-tcplu\fR]]
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-i      Show a specific resource
\&Resource specification:
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-m      Shared memory segments
\&        \-q      Message queues
\&        \-s      Semaphore arrays
\&        \-a      All (default)
\&Output format:
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-t      Time
\&        \-c      Creator
\&        \-p      Pid
\&        \-l      Limits
\&        \-u      Summary
.Ve
.IP "\fBiplink    \fR" 4
.IX Item "iplink    "
iplink     
.Sp
iplink set \s-1DEVICE\s0 { up | down | arp | multicast { on | off } |
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&                        dynamic { on | off } |
\&                        mtu MTU }
\&iplink show [DEVICE]
.Ve
.IP "\fBiproute   \fR" 4
.IX Item "iproute   "
iproute    { list | flush | { add | del | change | append |
		replace | monitor } \s-1ROUTE\s0 }
.Sp
iproute { list | flush } \s-1SELECTOR\s0
iproute get \s-1ADDRESS\s0 [from \s-1ADDRESS\s0 iif \s-1STRING\s0]
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&                        [oif STRING]  [tos TOS]
\&iproute { add | del | change | append | replace | monitor } ROUTE
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&                        SELECTOR := [root PREFIX] [match PREFIX] [proto RTPROTO]
\&                        ROUTE := [TYPE] PREFIX [tos TOS] [proto RTPROTO]
.Ve
.IP "\fBiprule    \fR" 4
.IX Item "iprule    "
iprule     {[list | add | del] \s-1RULE\s0}
.Sp
iprule [list | add | del] \s-1SELECTOR\s0 \s-1ACTION\s0
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        SELECTOR := [from PREFIX] [to PREFIX] [tos TOS] [fwmark FWMARK]
\&                        [dev STRING] [pref NUMBER]
\&        ACTION := [table TABLE_ID] [nat ADDRESS]
\&                        [prohibit | reject | unreachable]
\&                        [realms [SRCREALM/]DSTREALM]
\&        TABLE_ID := [local | main | default | NUMBER]
.Ve
.IP "\fBiptunnel  \fR" 4
.IX Item "iptunnel  "
iptunnel   { add | change | del | show } [\s-1NAME\s0]
	[mode { ipip | gre | sit }]
	[remote \s-1ADDR\s0] [local \s-1ADDR\s0] [ttl \s-1TTL\s0]
.Sp
iptunnel { add | change | del | show } [\s-1NAME\s0]
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        [mode { ipip | gre | sit }] [remote ADDR] [local ADDR]
\&        [[i|o]seq] [[i|o]key KEY] [[i|o]csum]
\&        [ttl TTL] [tos TOS] [[no]pmtudisc] [dev PHYS_DEV]
.Ve
.IP "\fBkill      \fR" 4
.IX Item "kill      "
kill       [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-signal\fR] process-id [process\-id ...]
.Sp
Send a signal (default is \s-1TERM\s0) to the specified process(es)
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-l      List all signal names and numbers
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        $ ps | grep apache
\&        252 root     root     S [apache]
\&        263 www\-data www\-data S [apache]
\&        264 www\-data www\-data S [apache]
\&        265 www\-data www\-data S [apache]
\&        266 www\-data www\-data S [apache]
\&        267 www\-data www\-data S [apache]
\&        $ kill 252
.Ve
.IP "\fBkillall   \fR" 4
.IX Item "killall   "
killall    [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-q\fR] [\fB\-signal\fR] process-name [process\-name ...]
.Sp
Send a signal (default is \s-1TERM\s0) to the specified process(es)
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-l      List all signal names and numbers
\&        \-q      Do not complain if no processes were killed
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ killall apache
.Ve
.IP "\fBkillall5  \fR" 4
.IX Item "killall5  "
killall5   [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-signal\fR]
.Sp
Send a signal (default is \s-1TERM\s0) to all processes outside current session
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-l      List all signal names and numbers
.Ve
.IP "\fBklogd     \fR" 4
.IX Item "klogd     "
klogd      [\fB\-c\fR n] [\fB\-n\fR]
.Sp
Kernel logger
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-c n    Sets the default log level of console messages to n
\&        \-n      Run in foreground
.Ve
.IP "\fBlash      \fR" 4
.IX Item "lash      "
lash       [\s-1FILE\s0]...
or: sh \fB\-c\fR command [args]...
.Sp
The BusyBox LAme SHell (command interpreter)
.Sp
This command does not yet have proper documentation.
.Sp
Use lash just as you would use any other shell. It properly handles pipes,
redirects, job control, can be used as the shell for scripts, and has a
sufficient set of builtins to do what is needed. It does not (yet) support
Bourne Shell syntax. If you need things like \*(L"if\-then\-else\*(R", \*(L"while\*(R", and such
use ash or bash. If you just need a very simple and extremely small shell,
this will do the job.
.IP "\fBlast      \fR" 4
.IX Item "last      "
last              
.Sp
Show listing of the last users that logged into the system
.IP "\fBlength    \fR" 4
.IX Item "length    "
length     \s-1STRING\s0
.Sp
Print out the length of the specified \s-1STRING\s0
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ length Hello
\&        5
.Ve
.IP "\fBless      \fR" 4
.IX Item "less      "
less       [\fB\-EMNmh\fR~?] \s-1FILE1\s0 \s-1FILE2\s0...
.Sp
View a file or list of files. The position within files can be
changed, and files can be manipulated in various ways.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-E      Quit once the end of a file is reached
\&        \-M,\-m   Display a status line containing the current line numbers
\&                and the percentage through the file
\&        \-N      Prefix line numbers to each line
\&        \-~      Suppress ~s displayed when input past the end of the file is
\&                reached
.Ve
.IP "\fBln        \fR" 4
.IX Item "ln        "
ln         [\s-1OPTION\s0] \s-1TARGET\s0... LINK_NAME|DIRECTORY
.Sp
Create a link named \s-1LINK_NAME\s0 or \s-1DIRECTORY\s0 to the specified \s-1TARGET\s0.
You may use '\-\-' to indicate that all following arguments are non\-options.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-s      Make symlinks instead of hardlinks
\&        \-f      Remove existing destination files
\&        \-n      Don't dereference symlinks \- treat like normal file
\&        \-b      Make a backup of the target (if exists) before link operation
\&        \-S suf  Use suffix instead of ~ when making backup files
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ ln \-s BusyBox /tmp/ls
\&        $ ls \-l /tmp/ls
\&        lrwxrwxrwx    1 root     root            7 Apr 12 18:39 ls \-> BusyBox*
.Ve
.IP "\fBload_policy\fR" 4
.IX Item "load_policy"
load_policy 
.IP "\fBloadfont  \fR" 4
.IX Item "loadfont  "
loadfont   < font
.Sp
Load a console font from standard input
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ loadfont < /etc/i18n/fontname
.Ve
.IP "\fBloadkmap  \fR" 4
.IX Item "loadkmap  "
loadkmap   < keymap
.Sp
Load a binary keyboard translation table from standard input
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ loadkmap < /etc/i18n/lang\-keymap
.Ve
.IP "\fBlogger    \fR" 4
.IX Item "logger    "
logger     [\s-1OPTION\s0]... [\s-1MESSAGE\s0]
.Sp
Write \s-1MESSAGE\s0 to the system log. If \s-1MESSAGE\s0 is omitted, log stdin.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-s      Log to stderr as well as the system log
\&        \-t TAG  Log using the specified tag (defaults to user name)
\&        \-p PRIO Enter the message with the specified priority.
\&                This may be numerical or a 'facility.level' pair.
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ logger "hello"
.Ve
.IP "\fBlogin     \fR" 4
.IX Item "login     "
login      [\s-1OPTION\s0]... [username] [ENV=VAR ...]
.Sp
Begin a new session on the system
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-f      Do not authenticate (user already authenticated)
\&        \-h      Name of the remote host for this login
\&        \-p      Preserve environment
.Ve
.IP "\fBlogname   \fR" 4
.IX Item "logname   "
logname           
.Sp
Print the name of the current user
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ logname
\&        root
.Ve
.IP "\fBlogread   \fR" 4
.IX Item "logread   "
logread    [\s-1OPTION\s0]...
.Sp
Show the messages from syslogd (using circular buffer)
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-f      Output data as the log grows
.Ve
.IP "\fBlosetup   \fR" 4
.IX Item "losetup   "
losetup    [\fB\-o\fR \s-1OFS\s0] \s-1LOOPDEV\s0 \s-1FILE\s0 \- associate loop devices
	losetup \fB\-d\fR \s-1LOOPDEV\s0 \- disassociate
	losetup [\fB\-f\fR] \- show
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-o OFS  Start OFS bytes into FILE
\&        \-f      Show first free loop device
.Ve
.Sp
No arguments will display all current associations.
One argument (losetup /dev/loop1) will display the current association
(if any), or disassociate it (with \-d). The display shows the offset
and filename of the file the loop device is currently bound to.
.Sp
Two arguments (losetup /dev/loop1 file.img) create a new association,
with an optional offset (\-o 12345). Encryption is not yet supported.
losetup \-f will show the first loop free loop device
.IP "\fBls        \fR" 4
.IX Item "ls        "
ls         [\fB\-1AacCdeFilnpLRrSsTtuvwxXhkK\fR] [filenames...]
.Sp
List directory contents
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 29
\&        \-1      List files in a single column
\&        \-A      Do not list implied . and ..
\&        \-a      Do not hide entries starting with .
\&        \-C      List entries by columns
\&        \-c      With \-l: show ctime
\&        \-\-color[={always,never,auto}]   Control coloring
\&        \-d      List directory entries instead of contents
\&        \-e      List both full date and full time
\&        \-F      Append indicator (one of */=@|) to entries
\&        \-i      List the i\-node for each file
\&        \-l      Use a long listing format
\&        \-n      List numeric UIDs and GIDs instead of names
\&        \-p      Append indicator (one of /=@|) to entries
\&        \-L      List entries pointed to by symlinks
\&        \-R      List subdirectories recursively
\&        \-r      Sort the listing in reverse order
\&        \-S      Sort the listing by file size
\&        \-s      List the size of each file, in blocks
\&        \-T NUM  Assume Tabstop every NUM columns
\&        \-t      With \-l: show modification time
\&        \-u      With \-l: show access time
\&        \-v      Sort the listing by version
\&        \-w NUM  Assume the terminal is NUM columns wide
\&        \-x      List entries by lines instead of by columns
\&        \-X      Sort the listing by extension
\&        \-h      Print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 243M 2G)
\&        \-k      Print security context
\&        \-K      Print security context in long format
\&        \-Z      Print security context and permission
.Ve
.IP "\fBlsattr    \fR" 4
.IX Item "lsattr    "
lsattr     [\fB\-Radlv\fR] [files...]
.Sp
List file attributes on an ext2 fs
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-R      Recursively list subdirectories
\&        \-a      Do not hide entries starting with .
\&        \-d      List directory entries instead of contents
\&        \-l      Print long flag names
\&        \-v      List the file's version/generation number
.Ve
.IP "\fBlsmod     \fR" 4
.IX Item "lsmod     "
lsmod             
.Sp
List the currently loaded kernel modules
.IP "\fBlzmacat   \fR" 4
.IX Item "lzmacat   "
lzmacat    \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
Uncompress to stdout
.IP "\fBmakedevs  \fR" 4
.IX Item "makedevs  "
makedevs   [\fB\-d\fR device_table] rootdir
.Sp
Create a range of special files as specified in a device table.
Device table entries take the form of:
<type> <mode> <uid> <gid> <major> <minor> <start> <inc> <count>
Where name is the file name, type can be one of:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        f       A regular file
\&        d       Directory
\&        c       Character special device file
\&        b       Block special device file
\&        p       Fifo (named pipe)
\&uid is the user id for the target file, gid is the group id for the
\&target file. The rest of the entries (major, minor, etc) apply to
\&to device special files. A '\-' may be used for blank entries.
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        For example:
\&        <name>    <type> <mode><uid><gid><major><minor><start><inc><count>
\&        /dev         d   755    0    0    \-      \-      \-      \-    \-
\&        /dev/console c   666    0    0    5      1      \-      \-    \-
\&        /dev/null    c   666    0    0    1      3      0      0    \-
\&        /dev/zero    c   666    0    0    1      5      0      0    \-
\&        /dev/hda     b   640    0    0    3      0      0      0    \-
\&        /dev/hda     b   640    0    0    3      1      1      1    15
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        Will Produce:
\&        /dev
\&        /dev/console
\&        /dev/null
\&        /dev/zero
\&        /dev/hda
\&        /dev/hda[0\-15]
.Ve
.IP "\fBmatchpathcon\fR" 4
.IX Item "matchpathcon"
matchpathcon [\fB\-n\fR] [\fB\-N\fR] [\fB\-f\fR file_contexts_file] [\fB\-p\fR prefix] [\fB\-V\fR]
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-n      Do not display path
\&        \-N      Do not use translations
\&        \-f      Use alternate file_context file
\&        \-p      Use prefix to speed translations
\&        \-V      Verify file context on disk matches defaults
.Ve
.IP "\fBmd5sum    \fR" 4
.IX Item "md5sum    "
md5sum     [\s-1OPTION\s0] [FILEs...]
   or: md5sum [\s-1OPTION\s0] \fB\-c\fR [\s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Print or check \s-1MD5\s0 checksums
.Sp
Options:
With no \s-1FILE\s0, or when \s-1FILE\s0 is \-, read standard input.
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-c      Check MD5 sums against given list
.Ve
.Sp
The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
\&        \-w      Warn about improperly formatted MD5 checksum lines
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        $ md5sum < busybox
\&        6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003
\&        $ md5sum busybox
\&        6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
\&        $ md5sum \-c \-
\&        6fd11e98b98a58f64ff3398d7b324003  busybox
\&        busybox: OK
\&        ^D
.Ve
.IP "\fBmdev      \fR" 4
.IX Item "mdev      "
mdev       [\fB\-s\fR]
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-s      Scan /sys and populate /dev during system boot
.Ve
.Sp
Called with no options (via hotplug) it uses environment variables
to determine which device to add/remove.
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&         The mdev config file contains lines that look like:
\&  hd[a\-z][0\-9]* 0:3 660
.Ve
.Sp
That's device name (with regex match), uid:gid, and permissions.
.Sp
Optionally, that can be followed (on the same line) by a special character
and a command line to run after creating/before deleting the corresponding
device(s). The environment variable \f(CW$MDEV\fR indicates the active device node
(which is useful if it's a regex match). For example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&  hdc root:cdrom 660  *ln \-s $MDEV cdrom
.Ve
.Sp
The special characters are @ (run after creating), $ (run before deleting),
and * (run both after creating and before deleting). The commands run in
the /dev directory, and use \fIsystem()\fR which calls /bin/sh.
.Sp
Config file parsing stops on the first matching line. If no config
entry is matched, devices are created with default 0:0 660. (Make
the last line match .* to override this.)
.IP "\fBmesg      \fR" 4
.IX Item "mesg      "
mesg       [y|n]
.Sp
Control write access to your terminal
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        y       Allow write access to your terminal
\&        n       Disallow write access to your terminal
.Ve
.IP "\fBmicrocom  \fR" 4
.IX Item "microcom  "
microcom   [\fB\-s\fR speed] tty-name
.IP "\fBmkdir     \fR" 4
.IX Item "mkdir     "
mkdir      [\s-1OPTION\s0] \s-1DIRECTORY\s0...
.Sp
Create the \s-1DIRECTORY\s0(ies) if they do not already exist
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-m      Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx \- umask
\&        \-p      No error if existing, make parent directories as needed
\&        \-Z      Set security context
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        $ mkdir /tmp/foo
\&        $ mkdir /tmp/foo
\&        /tmp/foo: File exists
\&        $ mkdir /tmp/foo/bar/baz
\&        /tmp/foo/bar/baz: No such file or directory
\&        $ mkdir \-p /tmp/foo/bar/baz
.Ve
.IP "\fBmke2fs    \fR" 4
.IX Item "mke2fs    "
mke2fs     [\fB\-c\fR|\fB\-l\fR filename] [\fB\-b\fR block\-size] [\fB\-f\fR fragment\-size] [\fB\-g\fR blocks\-per\-group] [\fB\-i\fR bytes\-per\-inode] [\fB\-j\fR] [\fB\-J\fR journal\-options] [\fB\-N\fR number\-of\-inodes] [\fB\-n\fR] [\fB\-m\fR reserved\-blocks\-percentage] [\fB\-o\fR creator\-os] [\fB\-O\fR feature[,...]] [\fB\-q\fR] [r fs\-revision\-level] [\fB\-E\fR extended\-options] [\fB\-v\fR] [\fB\-F\fR] [\fB\-L\fR volume\-label] [\fB\-M\fR last\-mounted\-directory] [\fB\-S\fR] [\fB\-T\fR filesystem\-type] device [blocks\-count]
.Sp
.Vb 22
\&        \-b size         Block size in bytes
\&        \-c              Check for bad blocks before creating
\&        \-E opts         Set extended options
\&        \-f size         Fragment size in bytes
\&        \-F              Force (ignore sanity checks)
\&        \-g num          Number of blocks in a block group
\&        \-i ratio        The bytes/inode ratio
\&        \-j              Create a journal (ext3)
\&        \-J opts         Set journal options (size/device)
\&        \-l file         Read bad blocks list from file
\&        \-L lbl          Set the volume label
\&        \-m percent      Percent of fs blocks to reserve for admin
\&        \-M dir          Set last mounted directory
\&        \-n              Do not actually create anything
\&        \-N num          Number of inodes to create
\&        \-o os           Set the 'creator os' field
\&        \-O features     Dir_index/filetype/has_journal/journal_dev/sparse_super
\&        \-q              Quiet
\&        \-r rev          Set filesystem revision
\&        \-S              Write superblock and group descriptors only
\&        \-T fs\-type      Set usage type (news/largefile/largefile4)
\&        \-v              Verbose
.Ve
.IP "\fBmkfifo    \fR" 4
.IX Item "mkfifo    "
mkfifo     [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] name
.Sp
Create a named pipe (identical to 'mknod name p')
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-m      Create the pipe using the specified mode (default a=rw)
\&        \-Z      Set security context
.Ve
.IP "\fBmkfs.minix\fR" 4
.IX Item "mkfs.minix"
mkfs.minix [\fB\-c\fR | \fB\-l\fR filename] [\fB\-nXX\fR] [\fB\-iXX\fR] /dev/name [blocks]
.Sp
Make a \s-1MINIX\s0 filesystem
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-c              Check device for bad blocks
\&        \-n [14|30]      Maximum length of filenames
\&        \-i INODES       Number of inodes for the filesystem
\&        \-l FILENAME     Read bad blocks list from FILENAME
\&        \-v              Make a Minix version 2 filesystem
.Ve
.IP "\fBmknod     \fR" 4
.IX Item "mknod     "
mknod      [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] \s-1NAME\s0 \s-1TYPE\s0 \s-1MAJOR\s0 \s-1MINOR\s0
.Sp
Create a special file (block, character, or pipe)
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-m      Create the special file using the specified mode (default a=rw)
.Ve
.Sp
TYPEs include:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        b:      Make a block (buffered) device
\&        c or u: Make a character (un\-buffered) device
\&        p:      Make a named pipe. MAJOR and MINOR are ignored for named pipes
\&        \-Z      Set security context
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ mknod /dev/fd0 b 2 0
\&        $ mknod \-m 644 /tmp/pipe p
.Ve
.IP "\fBmkswap    \fR" 4
.IX Item "mkswap    "
mkswap     [\fB\-c\fR] [\fB\-v0\fR|\fB\-v1\fR] device [block\-count]
.Sp
Prepare a disk partition to be used as swap partition
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-c              Check for read\-ability
\&        \-v0             Make version 0 swap [max 128 Megs]
\&        \-v1             Make version 1 swap [big!] (default for kernels > 2.1.117)
\&        block\-count     Number of block to use (default is entire partition)
.Ve
.IP "\fBmktemp    \fR" 4
.IX Item "mktemp    "
mktemp     [\fB\-dq\fR] \s-1TEMPLATE\s0
.Sp
Create a temporary file with its name based on \s-1TEMPLATE\s0.
\&\s-1TEMPLATE\s0 is any name with six 'Xs' (i.e., /tmp/temp.XXXXXX).
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-d      Make a directory instead of a file
\&        \-q      Fail silently if an error occurs
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        $ mktemp /tmp/temp.XXXXXX
\&        /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
\&        $ ls \-la /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
\&        \-rw\-\-\-\-\-\-\-    1 andersen andersen        0 Apr 25 17:10 /tmp/temp.mWiLjM
.Ve
.IP "\fBmodprobe  \fR" 4
.IX Item "modprobe  "
modprobe   [\fB\-knqrsv\fR] \s-1MODULE\s0 [symbol=value ...]
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-k      Make module autoclean\-able
\&        \-n      Just show what would be done
\&        \-q      Quiet
\&        \-r      Remove module (stacks) or do autoclean
\&        \-s      Report via syslog instead of stderr
\&        \-v      Verbose
.Ve
.Sp
modprobe can (un)load a stack of modules, passing each module options (when
loading). modprobe uses a configuration file to determine what option(s) to
pass each module it loads.
.Sp
The configuration file is searched (in order) amongst:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&    /etc/modprobe.conf (2.6 only)
\&    /etc/modules.conf
\&    /etc/conf.modules (deprecated)
.Ve
.Sp
They all have the same syntax (see below). If none is present, it is
_not_ an error; each loaded module is then expected to load without
options. Once a file is found, the others are tested for.
.Sp
/etc/modules.conf entry format:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&  alias <alias_name> <mod_name>
\&    Makes it possible to modprobe alias_name, when there is no such module.
\&    It makes sense if your mod_name is long, or you want a more representative
\&    name for that module (eg. 'scsi' in place of 'aha7xxx').
\&    This makes it also possible to use a different set of options (below) for
\&    the module and the alias.
\&    A module can be aliased more than once.
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&  options <mod_name|alias_name> <symbol=value ...>
\&    When loading module mod_name (or the module aliased by alias_name), pass
\&    the "symbol=value" pairs as option to that module.
.Ve
.Sp
Sample /etc/modules.conf file:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&  options tulip irq=3
\&  alias tulip tulip2
\&  options tulip2 irq=4 io=0x308
.Ve
.Sp
Other functionality offered by 'classic' modprobe is not available in
this implementation.
.Sp
If module options are present both in the config file, and on the command line,
then the options from the command line will be passed to the module _after_
the options from the config file. That way, you can have defaults in the config
file, and override them for a specific usage from the command line.
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        (with the above /etc/modules.conf):
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ modprobe tulip
\&           will load the module 'tulip' with default option 'irq=3'
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ modprobe tulip irq=5
\&           will load the module 'tulip' with option 'irq=5', thus overriding the default
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ modprobe tulip2
\&           will load the module 'tulip' with default options 'irq=4 io=0x308',
\&           which are the default for alias 'tulip2'
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ modprobe tulip2 irq=8
\&           will load the module 'tulip' with default options 'irq=4 io=0x308 irq=8',
\&           which are the default for alias 'tulip2' overridden by the option 'irq=8'
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&           from the command line
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ modprobe tulip2 irq=2 io=0x210
\&           will load the module 'tulip' with default options 'irq=4 io=0x308 irq=4 io=0x210',
\&           which are the default for alias 'tulip2' overridden by the options 'irq=2 io=0x210'
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&           from the command line
.Ve
.IP "\fBmore      \fR" 4
.IX Item "more      "
more       [\s-1FILE\s0 ...]
.Sp
View \s-1FILE\s0 or standard input one screenful at a time
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ dmesg | more
.Ve
.IP "\fBmount     \fR" 4
.IX Item "mount     "
mount      [flags] \s-1DEVICE\s0 \s-1NODE\s0 [\fB\-o\fR options,more\-options]
.Sp
Mount a filesystem. Filesystem autodetection requires /proc be mounted.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-a              Mount all filesystems in fstab
\&        \-f              "Fake" Add entry to mount table but don't mount it
\&        \-n              Don't write a mount table entry
\&        \-o option       One of many filesystem options, listed below
\&        \-r              Mount the filesystem read\-only
\&        \-t fs\-type      Filesystem type
\&        \-w              Mount for reading and writing (default)
.Ve
.Sp
Options for use with the "\fB\-o\fR" flag:
.Sp
.Vb 15
\&        loop            Ignored (loop devices are autodetected)
\&        [a]sync         Writes are asynchronous / synchronous
\&        [no]atime       Disable / enable updates to inode access times
\&        [no]diratime    Disable / enable atime updates to directories
\&        [no]dev         Allow use of special device files / disallow them
\&        [no]exec        Allow use of executable files / disallow them
\&        [no]suid        Allow set\-user\-id\-root programs / disallow them
\&        [r]shared       Convert [recursively] to a shared subtree
\&        [r]slave        Convert [recursively] to a slave subtree
\&        [r]private      Convert [recursively] to a private subtree
\&        [un]bindable    Make mount point [un]able to be bind mounted
\&        bind            Bind a directory to an additional location
\&        move            Relocate an existing mount point
\&        remount         Remount a mounted filesystem, changing its flags
\&        ro/rw           Mount for read\-only / read\-write
.Ve
.Sp
There are \s-1EVEN\s0 \s-1MORE\s0 flags that are specific to each filesystem
You'll have to see the written documentation for those filesystems
.Sp
Returns 0 for success, number of failed mounts for \-a, or errno for one mount.
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        $ mount
\&        /dev/hda3 on / type minix (rw)
\&        proc on /proc type proc (rw)
\&        devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw)
\&        $ mount /dev/fd0 /mnt \-t msdos \-o ro
\&        $ mount /tmp/diskimage /opt \-t ext2 \-o loop
\&        $ mount cd_image.iso mydir
.Ve
.IP "\fBmountpoint\fR" 4
.IX Item "mountpoint"
mountpoint [\fB\-q\fR] <[\fB\-d\fR] \s-1DIR\s0 | \fB\-x\fR \s-1DEVICE\s0>
.Sp
mountpoint checks if the directory is a mountpoint
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-q      Quiet
\&        \-d      Print major/minor device number of the filesystem
\&        \-x      Print major/minor device number of the blockdevice
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        $ mountpoint /proc
\&        /proc is not a mountpoint
\&        $ mountpoint /sys
\&        /sys is a mountpoint
.Ve
.IP "\fBmt        \fR" 4
.IX Item "mt        "
mt         [\fB\-f\fR device] opcode value
.Sp
Control magnetic tape drive operation
.Sp
Available Opcodes:
.Sp
bsf bsfm bsr bss datacompression drvbuffer eof eom erase
fsf fsfm fsr fss load lock mkpart nop offline ras1 ras2
ras3 reset retension rewind rewoffline seek setblk setdensity
setpart tell unload unlock weof wset
.IP "\fBmv        \fR" 4
.IX Item "mv        "
mv         [\s-1OPTION\s0]... \s-1SOURCE\s0 \s-1DEST\s0
or: mv [\s-1OPTION\s0]... \s-1SOURCE\s0... \s-1DIRECTORY\s0
.Sp
Rename \s-1SOURCE\s0 to \s-1DEST\s0, or move \s-1SOURCE\s0(s) to \s-1DIRECTORY\s0
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-f      Don't prompt before overwriting
\&        \-i      Interactive, prompt before overwrite
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ mv /tmp/foo /bin/bar
.Ve
.IP "\fBnameif    \fR" 4
.IX Item "nameif    "
nameif     [\fB\-s\fR] [\fB\-c\fR \s-1FILE\s0] [{\s-1IFNAME\s0 \s-1MACADDR\s0}]
.Sp
Rename network interface while it in the down state
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-c FILE         Use configuration file (default is /etc/mactab)
\&        \-s              Use syslog (LOCAL0 facility)
\&        IFNAME MACADDR  new_interface_name interface_mac_address
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ nameif \-s dmz0 00:A0:C9:8C:F6:3F
\&         or
\&        $ nameif \-c /etc/my_mactab_file
.Ve
.IP "\fBnc        \fR" 4
.IX Item "nc        "
nc         [\fB\-options\fR] hostname port  \- connect
nc [\fB\-options\fR] \fB\-l\fR \fB\-p\fR port [hostname] [port]  \- listen
.Sp
.Vb 12
\&         \-l             Listen mode, for inbound connects
\&B<\-n>           Do not do DNS resolution
\&B<\-s> addr              Local address
\&B<\-p> port              Local port
\&B<\-u>           UDP mode
\&B<\-v>           Verbose (cumulative: B<\-vv>)
\&B<\-w> secs              Timeout for connects and final net reads
\&B<\-i> sec               Delay interval for lines sent" /* ", ports scanned" */ 
\&B<\-o> file              Hex dump of traffic
\&B<\-z>           Zero\-I/O mode (scanning)
\&B<\-e> prog [args]       Program to exec after connect (must be last)/*   "
\&B<\-r>           Randomize local and remote ports" */
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&         To use netcat as a terminal emulator on a serial port:
.Ve
.Sp
$ stty 115200 \-F /dev/ttyS0
$ stty raw \-echo \-ctlecho && nc \-f /dev/ttyS0
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        $ nc foobar.somedomain.com 25
\&        220 foobar ESMTP Exim 3.12 #1 Sat, 15 Apr 2000 00:03:02 \-0600
\&        help
\&        214\-Commands supported:
\&        214\-    HELO EHLO MAIL RCPT DATA AUTH
\&        214     NOOP QUIT RSET HELP
\&        quit
\&        221 foobar closing connection
.Ve
.IP "\fBnetstat   \fR" 4
.IX Item "netstat   "
netstat    [\fB\-laentuwxrW\fR]
.Sp
Display networking information
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-l      Display listening server sockets
\&        \-a      Display all sockets (default: connected)
\&        \-e      Display other/more information
\&        \-n      Don't resolve names
\&        \-t      Tcp sockets
\&        \-u      Udp sockets
\&        \-w      Raw sockets
\&        \-x      Unix sockets
\&        \-r      Display routing table
\&        \-W      Display with no column truncation
.Ve
.IP "\fBnice      \fR" 4
.IX Item "nice      "
nice       [\fB\-n\fR \s-1ADJUST\s0] [\s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1ARG\s0] ...]
.Sp
Run a program with modified scheduling priority
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-n ADJUST       Adjust the scheduling priority by ADJUST
.Ve
.IP "\fBnmeter    \fR" 4
.IX Item "nmeter    "
nmeter     format_string
.Sp
Monitor system in real time
.Sp
Format specifiers:
\&\f(CW%Nc\fR or %[cN]	Monitor \s-1CPU\s0. N \- bar size, default 10
.Sp
.Vb 15
\&                (displays: S:system U:user N:niced D:iowait I:irq i:softirq)
\&%[niface]       Monitor network interface 'iface'
\&%m              Monitor allocated memory
\&%[mf]           Monitor free memory
\&%[mt]           Monitor total memory
\&%s              Monitor allocated swap
\&%f              Monitor number of used file descriptors
\&%Ni             Monitor total/specific IRQ rate
\&%x              Monitor context switch rate
\&%p              Monitor forks
\&%[pn]           Monitor # of processes
\&%b              Monitor block io
\&%Nt             Show time (with N decimal points)
\&%Nd             Milliseconds between updates (default=1000)
\&%r              Print <cr> instead of <lf> at EOL
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        nmeter '%250d%t %20c int %i bio %b mem %m forks%p'
.Ve
.IP "\fBnohup     \fR" 4
.IX Item "nohup     "
nohup      \s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0]
.Sp
Run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ nohup make &
.Ve
.IP "\fBnslookup  \fR" 4
.IX Item "nslookup  "
nslookup   [\s-1HOST\s0] [\s-1SERVER\s0]
.Sp
Query the nameserver for the \s-1IP\s0 address of the given \s-1HOST\s0
optionally using a specified \s-1DNS\s0 server
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ nslookup localhost
\&        Server:     default
\&        Address:    default
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        Name:       debian
\&        Address:    127.0.0.1
.Ve
.IP "\fBod        \fR" 4
.IX Item "od        "
od         [\fB\-aBbcDdeFfHhIiLlOovXx\fR] [\s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Write an unambiguous representation, octal bytes by default, of \s-1FILE\s0
to standard output. With no \s-1FILE\s0, or when \s-1FILE\s0 is \-, read standard input.
.IP "\fBopenvt    \fR" 4
.IX Item "openvt    "
openvt     \s-1VTNUM\s0 \s-1COMMAND\s0 [\s-1ARGS\s0...]
.Sp
Start a command on a new virtual terminal
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        openvt 2 /bin/ash
.Ve
.IP "\fBpasswd    \fR" 4
.IX Item "passwd    "
passwd     [\s-1OPTION\s0] [name]
.Sp
Change a user password. If no name is specified,
changes the password for the current user.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-a      Define which algorithm shall be used for the password
\&                (choices: des, md5)
\&" /* ", sha1)" */       B<\-d>   Delete the password for the specified user account
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-l      Locks (disables) the specified user account
\&        \-u      Unlocks (re\-enables) the specified user account
.Ve
.IP "\fBpatch     \fR" 4
.IX Item "patch     "
patch      [\fB\-p\fR num] [\fB\-i\fR diff]
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-p NUM  Strip NUM leading components from file names
\&        \-i DIFF Read DIFF instead of stdin
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ patch \-p1 < example.diff
\&        $ patch \-p0 \-i example.diff
.Ve
.IP "\fBpgrep     \fR" 4
.IX Item "pgrep     "
pgrep      [\fB\-flnovx\fR] pattern
.Sp
Display process(es) selected by regex pattern
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-l      Show command name too
\&        \-f      Match against entire command line
\&        \-n      Signal the newest process only
\&        \-o      Signal the oldest process only
\&        \-v      Negate the matching
\&        \-x      Match whole name (not substring)
.Ve
.IP "\fBpidof     \fR" 4
.IX Item "pidof     "
pidof      process-name [\s-1OPTION\s0] [process\-name ...]
.Sp
List the PIDs of all processes with names that match the
names on the command line
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        USAGE_PIDOF      
\&        \-s      Display only a single PID
\&        \-o PID  Omit given pid
\&                Use %PPID to omit the parent pid of pidof itself
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        $ pidof init
\&        1
\&        $ pidof /bin/sh
\&        20351 5973 5950
\&        $ pidof /bin/sh \-o %PPID
\&        20351 5950
.Ve
.IP "\fBping      \fR" 4
.IX Item "ping      "
ping       [\s-1OPTION\s0]... host
.Sp
Send \s-1ICMP\s0 \s-1ECHO_REQUEST\s0 packets to network hosts
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-4, \-6          Force IPv4 or IPv6 hostname resolution
\&        \-c CNT          Send only CNT pings
\&        \-s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
\&        \-I iface/IP     Use interface or IP address as source
\&        \-q              Quiet, only displays output at start
\&                        and when finished
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ ping localhost
\&        PING slag (127.0.0.1): 56 data bytes
\&        64 bytes from 127.0.0.1: icmp_seq=0 ttl=255 time=20.1 ms
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-\-\- debian ping statistics \-\-\-
\&        1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
\&        round\-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
.Ve
.IP "\fBping6     \fR" 4
.IX Item "ping6     "
ping6      [\s-1OPTION\s0]... host
.Sp
Send \s-1ICMP\s0 \s-1ECHO_REQUEST\s0 packets to network hosts
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 5
\&        \-c CNT          Send only CNT pings
\&        \-s SIZE         Send SIZE data bytes in packets (default=56)
\&        \-I iface/IP     Use interface or IP address as source
\&        \-q              Quiet, only displays output at start
\&                        and when finished
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        $ ping6 ip6\-localhost
\&        PING ip6\-localhost (::1): 56 data bytes
\&        64 bytes from ::1: icmp6_seq=0 ttl=64 time=20.1 ms
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-\-\- ip6\-localhost ping statistics \-\-\-
\&        1 packets transmitted, 1 packets received, 0% packet loss
\&        round\-trip min/avg/max = 20.1/20.1/20.1 ms
.Ve
.IP "\fBpivot_root\fR" 4
.IX Item "pivot_root"
pivot_root \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0 \s-1PUT_OLD\s0
.Sp
Move the current root file system to \s-1PUT_OLD\s0 and make \s-1NEW_ROOT\s0
the new root file system
.IP "\fBpkill     \fR" 4
.IX Item "pkill     "
pkill      [\fB\-l\fR] | [\fB\-fnovx\fR] [\fB\-signal\fR] pattern
.Sp
Send a signal to process(es) selected by regex pattern
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-l      List all signals
\&        \-f      Match against entire command line
\&        \-n      Signal the newest process only
\&        \-o      Signal the oldest process only
\&        \-v      Negate the matching
\&        \-x      Match whole name (not substring)
.Ve
.IP "\fBpoweroff  \fR" 4
.IX Item "poweroff  "
poweroff   [\fB\-d\fR delay] [\fB\-n\fR] [\fB\-f\fR]
.Sp
Halt and shut off power
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-d      Delay interval for halting
\&        \-n      No call to sync()
\&        \-f      Force power off (don't go through init)
.Ve
.IP "\fBprintenv  \fR" 4
.IX Item "printenv  "
printenv   [\s-1VARIABLES\s0...]
.Sp
Print all or part of environment.
If no environment \s-1VARIABLE\s0 specified, print them all.
.IP "\fBprintf    \fR" 4
.IX Item "printf    "
printf     \s-1FORMAT\s0 [\s-1ARGUMENT\s0...]
.Sp
Format and print \s-1ARGUMENT\s0(s) according to \s-1FORMAT\s0,
where \s-1FORMAT\s0 controls the output exactly as in C printf
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ printf "Val=%d\en" 5
\&        Val=5
.Ve
.IP "\fBps        \fR" 4
.IX Item "ps        "
ps                
.Sp
Report process status
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        USAGE_PS         
\&        \-Z      Show SE Linux context
\&        w       Wide output
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        $ ps
\&          PID  Uid      Gid State Command
\&            1 root     root     S init
\&            2 root     root     S [kflushd]
\&            3 root     root     S [kupdate]
\&            4 root     root     S [kpiod]
\&            5 root     root     S [kswapd]
\&          742 andersen andersen S [bash]
\&          743 andersen andersen S \-bash
\&          745 root     root     S [getty]
\&         2990 andersen andersen R ps
.Ve
.IP "\fBpscan     \fR" 4
.IX Item "pscan     "
pscan      [\fB\-p\fR \s-1MIN_PORT\s0] [\fB\-P\fR \s-1MAX_PORT\s0] [\fB\-t\fR \s-1TIMEOUT\s0] [\fB\-T\fR \s-1MIN_RTT\s0] \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
Scan a host, print all open ports
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-p      Scan from this port (default 1)
\&        \-P      Scan up to this port (default 1024)
\&        \-t      Timeout (default 5000 ms)
\&        \-T      Minimum rtt (default 5 ms, increase for congested hosts)
.Ve
.IP "\fBpwd       \fR" 4
.IX Item "pwd       "
pwd               
.Sp
Print the full filename of the current working directory
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ pwd
\&        /root
.Ve
.IP "\fBraidautorun\fR" 4
.IX Item "raidautorun"
raidautorun \s-1DEVICE\s0
.Sp
Tell the kernel to automatically search and start \s-1RAID\s0 arrays
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ raidautorun /dev/md0
.Ve
.IP "\fBrdate     \fR" 4
.IX Item "rdate     "
rdate      [\fB\-sp\fR] \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
Get and possibly set the system date and time from a remote \s-1HOST\s0
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-s      Set the system date and time (default)
\&        \-p      Print the date and time
.Ve
.IP "\fBreadahead \fR" 4
.IX Item "readahead "
readahead  [\s-1FILE\s0]...
.Sp
Preload \s-1FILE\s0(s) in \s-1RAM\s0 cache so that subsequent reads for thosefiles do not block on disk I/O
.IP "\fBreadlink  \fR" 4
.IX Item "readlink  "
readlink   [\fB\-f\fR] \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
Display the value of a symlink
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-f      Canonicalize by following all symlinks
.Ve
.IP "\fBreadprofile\fR" 4
.IX Item "readprofile"
readprofile [\s-1OPTIONS\s0]...
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 10
\&        \-m mapfile      (Default: /boot/System.map)
\&        \-p profile      (Default: /proc/profile)
\&        \-M mult         Set the profiling multiplier to mult
\&        \-i              Print only info about the sampling step
\&        \-v              Verbose
\&        \-a              Print all symbols, even if count is 0
\&        \-b              Print individual histogram\-bin counts
\&        \-s              Print individual counters within functions
\&        \-r              Reset all the counters (root only)
\&        \-n              Disable byte order auto\-detection
.Ve
.IP "\fBrealpath  \fR" 4
.IX Item "realpath  "
realpath   pathname ...
.Sp
Return the absolute pathnames of given argument
.IP "\fBreboot    \fR" 4
.IX Item "reboot    "
reboot     [\fB\-d\fR delay] [\fB\-n\fR] [\fB\-f\fR]
.Sp
Reboot the system
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-d      Delay interval for rebooting
\&        \-n      No call to sync()
\&        \-f      Force reboot (don't go through init)
.Ve
.IP "\fBrenice    \fR" 4
.IX Item "renice    "
renice     {{\fB\-n\fR \s-1INCREMENT\s0} | \s-1PRIORITY\s0} [[\fB\-p\fR | \fB\-g\fR | \fB\-u\fR] \s-1ID\s0 ...]
.Sp
Change priority of running processes
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-n      Adjusts current nice value (smaller is faster)
\&        \-p      Process id(s) (default)
\&        \-g      Process group id(s)
\&        \-u      Process user name(s) and/or id(s)
.Ve
.IP "\fBreset     \fR" 4
.IX Item "reset     "
reset             
.Sp
Reset the screen
.IP "\fBresize    \fR" 4
.IX Item "resize    "
resize            
.Sp
Resize the screen
.IP "\fBrestorecon\fR" 4
.IX Item "restorecon"
restorecon [\fB\-iFnrRv\fR] [\fB\-e\fR excludedir]... [\fB\-o\fR filename] [\fB\-f\fR filename | pathname]
.Sp
Reset security contexts of files in pathname
.Sp
.Vb 11
\&        \-i              Ignore files that do not exist
\&        \-f filename     File with list of files to process. Use \- for stdin
\&        \-e directory    Directory to exclude
\&        \-R,\-r           Recurse directories
\&        \-n              Don't change any file labels
\&        \-o filename     Save list of files with incorrect context
\&        \-v              Verbose
\&        \-vv             Show changed labels
\&        \-F              Force reset of context to match file_context
\&                        for customizable files, or the user section,
\&                        if it has changed
.Ve
.IP "\fBrm        \fR" 4
.IX Item "rm        "
rm         [\s-1OPTION\s0]... \s-1FILE\s0...
.Sp
Remove (unlink) the \s-1FILE\s0(s). You may use '\-\-' to
indicate that all following arguments are non\-options.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-i      Always prompt before removing each destination
\&        \-f      Remove existing destinations, never prompt
\&        \-r,\-R   Remove the contents of directories recursively
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ rm \-rf /tmp/foo
.Ve
.IP "\fBrmdir     \fR" 4
.IX Item "rmdir     "
rmdir      [\s-1OPTION\s0]... \s-1DIRECTORY\s0...
.Sp
Remove the \s-1DIRECTORY\s0, if it is empty
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        # rmdir /tmp/foo
.Ve
.IP "\fBrmmod     \fR" 4
.IX Item "rmmod     "
rmmod      [\s-1OPTION\s0]... [\s-1MODULE\s0]...
.Sp
Unload the specified kernel modules from the kernel
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-a      Remove all unused modules (recursively)
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ rmmod tulip
.Ve
.IP "\fBroute     \fR" 4
.IX Item "route     "
route      [{add|del|delete}]
.Sp
Edit the kernel's routing tables
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        \-n      Dont resolve names
\&        \-e      Display other/more information
\&        \-A inet{6}      Select address family
.Ve
.IP "\fBrpm       \fR" 4
.IX Item "rpm       "
rpm        \fB\-i\fR \fB\-q\fR[ildc]p package.rpm
.Sp
Manipulate \s-1RPM\s0 packages
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        \-i      Install package
\&        \-q      Query package
\&        \-p      Query uninstalled package
\&        \-i      Show information
\&        \-l      List contents
\&        \-d      List documents
\&        \-c      List config files
.Ve
.IP "\fBrpm2cpio  \fR" 4
.IX Item "rpm2cpio  "
rpm2cpio   package.rpm
.Sp
Output a cpio archive of the rpm file
.IP "\fBrun-parts \fR" 4
.IX Item "run-parts "
run-parts  [\fB\-t\fR] [\fB\-l\fR] [\fB\-a\fR \s-1ARG\s0] [\fB\-u\fR \s-1MASK\s0] \s-1DIRECTORY\s0
.Sp
Run a bunch of scripts in a directory
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        \-t      Prints what would be run, but does not actually run anything
\&        \-a ARG  Pass ARG as an argument for every program invoked
\&        \-u MASK Set the umask to MASK before executing every program
\&        \-l      Prints names of all matching files even when they are not executable
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ run\-parts \-a start /etc/init.d
\&        $ run\-parts \-a stop=now /etc/init.d
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 7
\&        Let's assume you have a script foo/dosomething:
\&        #!/bin/sh
\&        for i in $*; do eval $i; done; unset i
\&        case "$1" in
\&        start*) echo starting something;;
\&        stop*) set \-x; shutdown \-h $stop;;
\&        esac
.Ve
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        Running this yields:
\&        $run\-parts \-a stop=+4m foo/
\&        + shutdown \-h +4m
.Ve
.IP "\fBruncon    \fR" 4
.IX Item "runcon    "
runcon     [\fB\-c\fR] [\fB\-u\fR \s-1USER\s0] [\fB\-r\fR \s-1ROLE\s0] [\fB\-t\fR \s-1TYPE\s0] [\fB\-l\fR \s-1RANGE\s0] \s-1COMMAND\s0 [args]
	runcon \s-1CONTEXT\s0 \s-1COMMAND\s0 [args]
.Sp
runcon [\fB\-c\fR] [\fB\-u\fR \s-1USER\s0] [\fB\-r\fR \s-1ROLE\s0] [\fB\-t\fR \s-1TYPE\s0] [\fB\-l\fR \s-1RANGE\s0] \s-1COMMAND\s0 [args]
runcon \s-1CONTEXT\s0 \s-1COMMAND\s0 [args]
Run a program in a different security context
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        CONTEXT         Complete security context
\&        \-c, \-\-compute   Compute process transition context before modifying
\&        \-t, \-\-type=TYPE Type (for same role as parent)
\&        \-u, \-\-user=USER User identity
\&        \-r, \-\-role=ROLE Role
\&        \-l, \-\-range=RNG Levelrange
.Ve
.IP "\fBrunlevel  \fR" 4
.IX Item "runlevel  "
runlevel   [utmp]
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ runlevel /var/run/utmp
\&        N 2
.Ve
.IP "\fBrunsv     \fR" 4
.IX Item "runsv     "
runsv      dir
.Sp
Start and monitor a service and optionally an appendant log service
.IP "\fBrunsvdir  \fR" 4
.IX Item "runsvdir  "
runsvdir   [\fB\-P\fR] dir
.Sp
Start a runsv process for each subdirectory
.IP "\fBrx        \fR" 4
.IX Item "rx        "
rx         \s-1FILE\s0
.Sp
Receive a file using the xmodem protocol
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ rx /tmp/foo
.Ve
.IP "\fBsed       \fR" 4
.IX Item "sed       "
sed        [\fB\-efinr\fR] pattern [files...]
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 6
\&        \-e script       Add the script to the commands to be executed
\&        \-f scriptfile   Add script\-file contents to the
\&                        commands to be executed
\&        \-i              Edit files in\-place
\&        \-n              Suppress automatic printing of pattern space
\&        \-r              Use extended regular expression syntax
.Ve
.Sp
If no \fB\-e\fR or \fB\-f\fR is given, the first non-option argument is taken as the sed
script to interpret. All remaining arguments are names of input files; if no
input files are specified, then the standard input is read. Source files
will not be modified unless \fB\-i\fR option is given.
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        $ echo "foo" | sed \-e 's/f[a\-zA\-Z]o/bar/g'
\&        bar
.Ve
.IP "\fBselinuxenabled\fR" 4
.IX Item "selinuxenabled"
selinuxenabled #define selinuxenabled_full_usage
.IP "\fBseq       \fR" 4
.IX Item "seq       "
seq        [first [increment]] last
.Sp
Print numbers from \s-1FIRST\s0 to \s-1LAST\s0, in steps of \s-1INCREMENT\s0.
\&\s-1FIRST\s0, \s-1INCREMENT\s0 default to 1
.Sp
Arguments:
.Sp
.Vb 3
\&        LAST
\&        FIRST LAST
\&        FIRST INCREMENT LAST
.Ve
.IP "\fBsetarch   \fR" 4
.IX Item "setarch   "
setarch    personality program [args ...]
.Sp
Personality may be:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        linux32         Set 32bit uname emulation
\&        linux64         Set 64bit uname emulation
.Ve
.IP "\fBsetconsole\fR" 4
.IX Item "setconsole"
setconsole [\fB\-r\fR|\-\fB\-reset\fR] [\s-1DEVICE\s0]
.Sp
Redirect system console output to \s-1DEVICE\s0 (default: /dev/tty)
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-r      Reset output to /dev/console
.Ve
.IP "\fBsetenforce\fR" 4
.IX Item "setenforce"
setenforce [Enforcing | Permissive | 1 | 0]
.IP "\fBsetfiles  \fR" 4
.IX Item "setfiles  "
setfiles   [\fB\-dnpqsvW\fR] [\fB\-e\fR dir]... [\fB\-o\fR filename] [\fB\-r\fR alt_root_path] [\fB\-c\fR policyfile] spec_file pathname
.Sp
Reset file contexts under pathname according to spec_file
.Sp
.Vb 13
\&        \-c file Check the validity of the contexts against the specified binary policy
\&        \-d      Show which specification matched each file
\&        \-l      Log changes in file labels to syslog
\&        \-n      Don't change any file labels
\&        \-q      Suppress warnings
\&        \-r dir  Use an altenate root path
\&        \-e dir  Exclude directory
\&        \-F      Force reset of context to match file_context for customizable files
\&        \-o file Save list of files with incorrect context
\&        \-s      Take a list of files from standard input (instead of command line)
\&        \-v      Show changes in file labels, if type or role are changing
\&        \-vv     Show changes in file labels, if type, role, or user are changing
\&        \-W      Display warnings about entries that had no matching files
.Ve
.IP "\fBsetkeycodes\fR" 4
.IX Item "setkeycodes"
setkeycodes \s-1SCANCODE\s0 \s-1KEYCODE\s0 ...
.Sp
Set entries into the kernel's scancode-to-keycode map,
allowing unusual keyboards to generate usable keycodes.
.Sp
\&\s-1SCANCODE\s0 may be either xx or e0xx (hexadecimal),
and \s-1KEYCODE\s0 is given in decimal
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        $ setkeycodes e030 127
.Ve
.IP "\fBsetlogcons\fR" 4
.IX Item "setlogcons"
setlogcons N
.Sp
Redirect the kernel output to console N (0 for current)
.IP "\fBsetsid    \fR" 4
.IX Item "setsid    "
setsid     program [arg ...]
.Sp
Run any program in a new session by calling \fIsetsid()\fR before
exec'ing the rest of its arguments. See \fIsetsid\fR\|(2) for details.
.IP "\fBsetuidgid \fR" 4
.IX Item "setuidgid "
setuidgid  account prog args
.Sp
Set uid and gid to account's uid and gid, removing all supplementary
groups, then run prog
.IP "\fBsha1sum   \fR" 4
.IX Item "sha1sum   "
sha1sum    [\s-1OPTION\s0] [FILEs...]
   or: sha1sum [\s-1OPTION\s0] \fB\-c\fR [\s-1FILE\s0]
.Sp
Print or check \s-1SHA1\s0 checksums.
With no \s-1FILE\s0, or when \s-1FILE\s0 is \-, read standard input.
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\&        \-c      Check SHA1 sums against given list
.Ve
.Sp
The following two options are useful only when verifying checksums:
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&        \-s      Don't output anything, status code shows success
\&        \-w      Warn about improperly formatted SHA1 checksum lines
.Ve
.IP "\fBslattach  \fR" 4
.IX Item "slattach  "
slattach   [\fB\-cehmLF\fR] [\fB\-s\fR speed] [\fB\-p\fR protocol] DEVICEs
.Sp
Attach network interface(s) to serial line(s)
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-p      Set protocol (slip, cslip, slip6, clisp6 or adaptive)
\&        \-s      Set line speed
\&        \-e      Exit after initializing device
\&        \-h      Exit when the carrier is lost
\&        \-c      Execute a command when the line is hung up
\&        \-m      Do NOT initialize the line in raw 8 bits mode
\&        \-L      Enable 3\-wire operation
\&        \-F      Disable RTS/CTS flow control
.Ve
.IP "\fBsleep     \fR" 4
.IX Item "sleep     "
sleep      [N]...
.Sp
.Vb 2
\&                 Pause for a time equal to the total of the args given, where each arg can
\&have an optional suffix of (s)econds, (m)inutes, (h)ours, or (d)ays
.Ve
.Sp
Example:
.Sp
.Vb 4
\&        $ sleep 2
\&        [2 second delay results]
\&        $ sleep 1d 3h 22m 8s
\&        [98528 second delay results]
.Ve
.IP "\fBsoftlimit \fR" 4
.IX Item "softlimit "
softlimit  [\fB\-a\fR allbytes] [\fB\-c\fR corebytes] [\fB\-d\fR databytes] [\fB\-f\fR filebytes] [\fB\-l\fR lockbytes] [\fB\-m\fR membytes] [\fB\-o\fR openfiles] [\fB\-p\fR processes] [\fB\-r\fR residentbytes] [\fB\-s\fR stackbytes] [\fB\-t\fR cpusecs] prog args
.Sp
Set soft resource limits, then run prog
.Sp
Options:
.Sp
.Vb 8
\&        \-m n    Same as \-d n \-s n \-l n \-a n
\&        \-d n    Limit the data segment per process to n bytes
\&        \-s n    Limit the stack segment per process to n bytes
\&        \-l n    Limit the locked physical pages per process to n bytes
\&        \-a n    Limit the total of all segments per process to n bytes
\&        \-o n    Limit the number of open file descriptors per process to n
\&        \-p n    Limit the number of processes per uid to n
\&Options controlling file sizes:
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.Vb 3
\&        \-f n    Limit output file sizes to n bytes
\&        \-c n    Limit core file sizes to n bytes
\&Efficiency opts:
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.Vb 4
\&        \-r n    Limit the resident set size to n bytes. This limit is not
\&                enforced unless physical memory is full
\&        \-t n    Limit the CPU time to n seconds. This limit is not enforced
\&                except that the process receives a SIGXCPU signal after n seconds
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Some options may have no effect on some operating systems
n may be =, indicating that soft limit should be set equal to hard limit
.IP "\fBsort      \fR" 4
.IX Item "sort      "
sort       [\fB\-nrugMcszbdfimSTokt\fR] [\fB\-o\fR outfile] [\fB\-k\fR start[.offset][opts][,end[.offset][opts]] [\fB\-t\fR char] [\s-1FILE\s0]...
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Sort lines of text in the specified files
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Options:
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.Vb 17
\&        \-b      Ignore leading blanks
\&        \-c      Check whether input is sorted
\&        \-d      Dictionary order (blank or alphanumeric only)
\&        \-f      Ignore case
\&        \-g      General numerical sort
\&        \-i      Ignore unprintable characters
\&        \-k      Sort key
\&        \-M      Sort month
\&        \-n      Sort numbers
\&        \-o      Output to file
\&        \-k      Sort by key
\&        \-t      Use key separator other than whitespace
\&        \-r      Reverse sort order
\&        \-s      Stable (don't sort ties alphabetically)
\&        \-u      Suppress duplicate lines
\&        \-z      Input terminated by nulls, not newlines
\&        \-mST    Ignored for GNU compatibility
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Example:
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.Vb 11
\&        $ echo \-e "e\enf\enb\end\enc\ena" | sort
\&        a
\&        b
\&        c
\&        d
\&        e
\&        f
\&        $ echo \-e "c 3\enb 2\end 2" | $SORT \-k 2,2n \-k 1,1r
\&        d 2
\&        b 2
\&        c 3
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.IP "\fBsplit     \fR" 4
.IX Item "split     "
split      [\s-1OPTION\s0] [\s-1INPUT\s0 [\s-1PREFIX\s0]]
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Options:
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.Vb 3
\&        \-b n[k|m]       Split by bytes
\&        \-l n            Split by lines
\&        \-a n            Use n letters as suffix
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Example:
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.Vb 2
\&        $ split TODO foo
\&        $ cat TODO | split \-a 2 \-l 2 TODO_
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.IP "\fBstart-stop-daemon\fR" 4
.IX Item "start-stop-daemon"
start-stop-daemon [\s-1OPTIONS\s0] [\-\fB\-start\fR|\-\fB\-stop\fR] ... [\-\- arguments...]
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Start and stop services
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Options:
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.Vb 15
\&        \-S|\-\-start                      Start
\&        \-K|\-\-stop                       Stop
\&        \-a|\-\-startas pathname           Starts process specified by pathname
\&        \-b|\-\-background                 Put process into background
\&        \-u|\-\-user username|uid          Stop this user's processes
\&        \-x|\-\-exec executable            Program to either start or check
\&        \-m|\-\-make\-pidfile               Create the \-p file and enter pid in it
\&        \-n|\-\-name process\-name          Stop processes with this name
\&        \-p|\-\-pidfile pid\-file           Save or load pid using a pid\-file
\&        \-q|\-\-quiet                      Quiet
\&        \-o|\-\-oknodo                     Exit status 0 if nothing done
\&        \-v|\-\-verbose                    Verbose
\&        \-N|\-\-nicelevel N                Add N to process's nice level
\&        \-s|\-\-signal signal              Signal to send (default TERM)
\&        \-c|\-\-chuid user[:[group]]       Change to specified user/group
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.IP "\fBstat      \fR" 4
.IX Item "stat      "
stat       [\s-1OPTION\s0] \s-1FILE\s0...
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Display file (default) or filesystem status
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Options:
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.Vb 5
\&        \-c fmt  Use the specified format
\&        \-f      Display filesystem status
\&        \-L,\-l   Dereference links
\&        \-t      Display info in terse form
\&        \-Z      Print security context
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Valid format sequences for files:
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.Vb 26
\& %a     Access rights in octal
\& %A     Access rights in human readable form
\& %b     Number of blocks allocated (see %B)
\& %B     The size in bytes of each block reported by %b
\& %d     Device number in decimal
\& %D     Device number in hex
\& %f     Raw mode in hex
\& %F     File type